国际民用航空组织争端解决机制司法化改革论析

1944年《芝加哥公约》第18章赋予国际民用航空组织理事会裁判与公约的解释与适用有关的国际争端的权能。但过往裁判实践表明，国际民用航空组织争端解决机制的结构性缺陷导致理事会司法功能未有效发挥。一方面，《芝加哥公约》第54条与第84条存在适用冲突，使得理事会在实践中更愿意以政治角色介入争端解决，导致《解决分歧规则》的司法效能被弱化。另一方面,理事会成员国代表司法能力不足且缺乏司法中立性，使得理事会对争端的解决难以提供高效的法律产出。国际民用航空组织应在2018年所启动《解决分歧规则》修订进程中对争端解决机制进行司法化改革，避免国际民用航空业沦为国际政治对抗的工具。

An Analysis of the Judicial Reform of the Dispute Settlement Mechanism of the International Civil Aviation Organization

Chapter XVIII of the 1944 Chicago Convention empowered the Council of International Civil Aviation Organization(ICAO) to decide upon any dispute concerning the interpretation and application of the Convention. However, the past adjudicatory practices of the Council show that the structural flaws in the dispute settlement mechanism of ICAO have led to the failure of the Council’s judicial function to function effectively. On the one hand, there is a conflict application between Article 84 and Article 54 of the Chicago Convention, which makes the Council more willing to intervene in the dispute settlements with a political role, thus weakening the judicial effectiveness of the Rules for the Settlement of Differences. On the other hand, the lack of judicial capacity and neutrality of delegates of the Council members makes it difficult to provide an legal output for the dispute settlement. In the process of revising the Rules for the Settlement of Differences, whicih initiated by ICAO in 2018, ICAO should make judicial amendments to the dispute settlement mechanism so as to prevent the international civil aviation industry from being a tool of international political confrontation.