人口政策转型期女性友好型生育保障法律制度构建路径

近年来生育政策逐步放开却一再遇冷,当下总和生育率已跌破警戒线,职业女性面临生育与就业难以平衡的困境,而当前生育保障法律制度管制属性多于服务属性,生育保险惠及对象范围过窄、立法性别意识缺乏等不足,可能造成就业歧视,固化性别偏见,加剧社会不公,导致女性生育意愿不高。人口政策转型时期亟需从法律层面采取对策提高育龄人口的生育意愿,构建女性友好型生育保障法律制度成为解决当下人口危机的必然选择。应当在性别视角下促进女性友好型生育保障法律制度构建,在各环节贯彻性别平等,实现管制女性身体到服务女性生育的转换,加强全社会对生育之社会价值的认可;增加国家给付力度,合理分摊生育成本,扩大生育保险的惠及范围;关切女性实际需要,发展普惠托育服务体系;打破性别分工范式,强化男性生育责任分担。加快立法进程,完善性别平等评估机制,使消除女性就业歧视与提高女性生育积极性同步进行,将完善生育保障法律制度作为缓解人口危机、实现女性生存发展权的制度后盾。

The Path of Constructing a Female-Friendly Legal System for Maternity Protection in the Period of Population Policy Transition

In recent years,the maternity policy has become increasingly flexible and loose.However,the result is disappointing,and the total fertility rate has fallen below warning line.Working women face the dilemma of difficulty in balancing maternity and employment,while the current legal system of maternity protection has more regulatory than service attributes,the scope of maternity insurance benefits is too narrow.The lack of gender awareness in legislation and other deficiencies may cause employment discrimination.Solidify gender bias and aggravate social injustice,resulting in women's low willingness to give birth.This may lead to employment discrimination,entrench gender bias and exacerbate social justice,resulting in women's low fertility intentions.In this period of population policy transition,it is urgent to take legal measures to increase the fertility intentions of the reproductive age population,and the construction of a female-friendly legal system of maternity protection has become an inevitable choice to solve the current demographic crisis.We should promote the construction of a female-friendly maternity protection legal system from a gender perspective,implement gender equality in all aspects,transiting from regulating women's body to serving women's reproduction.It is urgent to strengthen society's awareness,increase state payments,reasonably share the costs of reproduction,and expand the scope of maternity insurance benefits,care for women's practical needs,and develop a system of inclusive childcare services and break the gender division of labor paradigm.The gender division of labor should be broken down and men's responsibility for childbirth should be strengthened.Accelerate the legislative process and improve the gender equality assessment mechanism to eliminate discrimination against women in employment and enhance women's motivation to give birth.The legal system for maternity protection can be improved as an institutional backstop to alleviate the demographic crisis and fulfill women's right to survival and development.