论马克思主体性批判的三重维度——以《1844年经济学哲学手稿》为中心考察

在《1844年经济学哲学手稿》中,通过对黑格尔理性形而上学的批判,马克思用以实践为基础的主体性批判了黑格尔以抽象理性思辨为基础的主体性、以历史生成的主体性批判了黑格尔超历史的主体性,凸显了主体性批判的哲学之维.通过对资本形而上学的批判,马克思分析了资本的本质和起源,揭露资本的主体性不仅表现为资本对整个世界的支配力,而且表现为资本逻辑运作的实质在于异化劳动对人的统治,凸显了主体性批判的经济学之维.通过对粗陋的共产主义和政治的共产主义的批判,马克思分析了私有财产的两个对立面和双重本质,阐述了人类获得解放的政治组织形式——真正的共产主义,批判了资本主义的私有制,凸显了主体性批判的政治学之维.马克思主体性批判的三重维度之间相互映现、内在贯通,共同构成了马克思主体性批判的独特范式.

A Three Dimensional Interpretation of Marxist Subjectivity Critique:a Case Study of Economic&Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844

In his book Economic&Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844,Marx criticizes Hegelian dialectical subjectivity by his own subjectivity which puts practice as the basis and meanwhile he also criticizes Hegelian transcendental subjectivity by historical generation subjectivity.All these represent the philosophical aspects of subjectivity critique.After a metaphysical criticism of capital,Marx analyses the nature and origin of capital,and reveals that the subjectivity of capital presents itself not only in its governance over the whole world,but also in its intrinsic logic to estrange labor as the ruling power over man.This shows the economic aspect of subjectivity critique.By criticizing the crude communism and political communism,Marx researches the contradiction and two-fold nature of private property,thus criticizes the capitalist private ownership and proposes a positive mode for human emancipation.That is true communism.This manifests the political aspect of subjectivity critique.The philosophical,economic and political aspects of Marxist Subjectivity Critique are involved and intertwined together to form a unique pattern.