论未成年人侵权责任能力类型化构造——基于民法典的内外在体系

“未成年人致人损害责任体系”向来为民法学中的疑难问题,《民法典》编纂过程中亦存在较大的争议。未年成人致人损害责任体系的核心在于未成年人责任能力制度,而未成年人责任能力之构建又取决于法律体系所欲实现的内在价值体系。自《民法通则》以降我国法律完全否认了未成年人的责任能力,从而由其监护人承担法律责任。此种立法模式固然实现了充分保障受害人利益和未成年人利益的价值追求,但是却并未能够兼顾其他现代侵权责任法所追求的价值。法学、心理学、人类学、社会学、教育学以及经济学等新的研究成果共同指向只有将未成年人的责任能力按照其年龄予以类型化,也即区分为绝对无责任能力与相对无责任能力,才能够在损害预防、受害人保护、未成年人养成、鼓励父母养育子女等诸多现代民法典之内在价值体系中实现最佳平衡。

On the Typo-Construction of Tort Capacity of Minors

The system of liability for damage caused by minors has always been a difficult problem in the field of the civil law, and there are also major disputes during the drafting of the tort liability law and civil code. The core of the liability system of the damage caused by minors lies in the system of the tort capacity of minors, which depends on the internal value system that the legal system aims to realize. Since the publication of the General Principles of Civil Law(1986), the Chinese tort law has completely denied the responsibility capacity of minors, so that their guardians should bear the legal responsibility. Although this legislation mode has realized the value of fully protecting the interests of victims and minors, it does not take into account the value pursued by other modern tort laws. The new research results in jurisprudence, psychology, anthropology, sociology, pedagogy and economics point out that the capacity of minors should be further classified according to their age, that is to say, into absolute incapacity and relative incapacity. Only in this way many values pursued by the modern civil law systems can be balanced,such as preventing damage,compensating victims,cultivating minors,and encouraging parents to bear and raise children.