Parenting in Emerging Adulthood: An Examination of Parenting Clusters and Correlates |
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Authors: | Larry J Nelson Laura M Padilla-Walker Katherine J Christensen Cortney A Evans Jason S Carroll |
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Institution: | (1) School of Family Life, Brigham Young University, 2091 JFSB, Provo, UT 84602, USA;(2) School of Family Life, Brigham Young University, 2097 JFSB, Provo, UT 84602, USA;(3) School of Family Life, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA;(4) University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA;(5) School of Family Life, Brigham Young University, 2057 JFSB, Provo, UT 84602, USA |
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Abstract: | The changing nature of the transition to adulthood in western societies, such as the United States, may be extending the length
of time parents are engaged in “parenting” activities. However, little is known about different approaches parents take in
their interactions with their emerging-adult children. Hence, this study attempted to identify different clusters of parents
based on the extent to which they exhibited both extremes of control (psychological control, punishment, verbal hostility,
indulgence) and responsiveness (knowledge, warmth, induction, autonomy granting), and to examine how combinations of parenting
were related to emerging adult children’s relational and individual outcomes (e.g. parent–child relationship quality, drinking,
self-worth, depression). The data were collected from 403 emerging adults (M age = 19.89, SD = 1.78, range = 18–26, 62% female) and at least one of their parents (287 fathers and 317 mothers). Eighty-four
percent of participants reported being European American, 6% Asian American, 4% African American, 3% Latino, and 4% reported
being of other ethnicities. Data were analyzed using hierarchical cluster analysis, separately for mothers and fathers, and
identified three similar clusters of parents which we labeled as uninvolved (low on all aspects of parenting), controlling-indulgent (high on both extremes of control and low on all aspects of responsiveness), and authoritative (high on responsiveness and low on control). A fourth cluster was identified for both mothers and fathers and was labeled
as inconsistent for mothers (mothers were above the mean on both extremes of control and on responsiveness) and average for fathers (fathers were at the mean on all eight aspects of parenting). The discussion focuses on how each of these clusters
effectively distinguished between child outcomes. |
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