海洋发展战略背景下我国海洋刑事立法若干理论问题探讨

区分陆上犯罪与海上犯罪是应对日益增长的海上犯罪、彰显海上犯罪的基本特征和适应海上司法实践发展的需要。由于特殊罪名的适用效果不佳、适用范围有限,一般罪名未能反映海上犯罪的特点,因而它们均不能适应海洋发展战略的需要。现行刑法只适用于我国领域内发生的海上犯罪,而不能适用于领海外国家管辖海域内发生的犯罪。涉海国际公约只规定了海上犯罪的罪名和罪状而没有规定法定刑,对国际法的海上犯罪适用现有一般罪名违反禁止类推原则,也没有体现海上犯罪的特点;不仅适用程序繁琐,而且使结果处于不确定状态,因此,国际法的海上犯罪应转化为国内法的海上犯罪。

Explorations of Several Theoretical Issues on Maritime Criminal Legislation in the Context of Marine Development Strategy

For the purpose of attacking the increasingly growing maritime crime and to highlight basic features of marine crime and adapt to development of maritime judicial practice, the maritime crime should be differentiated from onshore crime. Subject to poor effect and the limited scope of application of special charges, the general charges cannot reflect features of marine crime, and thus failing to satisfy the needs of marine development strategy. The present criminal law of China can only be applied to marine crimes on Chinese territory rather than extraterritorially. The international conventions pertinent to marine issues have regulations only on maritime crime charges and indictment in lack of statutory punishment. The principle of analogy prohibition which is applied to the existing general charges of Chinese criminal law is also applied to maritime crimes under the international law, which fails to reflect features of maritime crimes with cumber-some procedures and uncertain outcome. Therefore, it is suggested that maritime crimes under the interna-tional law should be converted into domestic laws.