关于汉初以黄老为统治思想的质疑

汉初高祖至景帝时期朝廷治国思想并非黄老之学,而是以儒家学说为主.理由如下:刘邦在即帝位之后,由轻儒转为重儒,以太牢祀孔子为具有重大象征意义之举;惠帝之无为,是由于无法有为,他思想上倾向儒家,对曹参之无为有不满表示;吕后行事完全不合于黄老,"制政不出房闼"乃是太史公微言讥刺;文帝好道家之学主要表现为立身处世的谦卑态度,而其治国的主要思想是儒家学说;景帝在窦太后的威压下不能进用儒生,但也未服膺黄老,"独尊儒术"实际胎育于景帝之时.汉初朝廷真正服膺黄老者只有二人:一为曹参,但他仅担任了三年汉廷相国;二为窦太后,她崇奉黄老是为了保护个人权力,而非治国.

Query about the Thoughts of Huang Di and Lao-tzu Between the Controlling Ideas in the Early Han Dynasty

In the early Han Dynasty (from Emperor Gaozu to Emperor Jing) , the government managed the state affairs by following Confucianism, other than the thoughts of Huang Di and Lao-tzu. The reason is as follows: After Liu Bang ascended the throne, his attitudes towards the Confucian changed totally, marked by the sacrificial ceremony for Confucius with Tailao(an ox, a sheep and a pig). The commonplaceness of Emperor Hui was due to hisbeing able to do nothing--he inclined to Confucianism ideologically and was discontented with the no - doing ofCao Shen. Empress Lv's conduct was totally unrelated to the thoughts of Huang Di and Lao - tzu. " She ruled the country in her room. " ( Si Maqian) , was actually veiled criticism. Emperor Wen favored Taoism, which was mainly shown in the modest way he conducted himself, however, his ruling approach was basically Confucianism. Emperor Jing couldn't appoint the Confucian under the coercion of Queen Mother Dou, nevertheless, he did submit to the thoughts of Huang Di and Lao - tzu. The exclusive regard for Confucianism was actually initiated in this period. Only two people conformed with the thoughts of Huang Di and Lao - tzu. One was Cao Shen, and the other was Queen Mother Dou. Cao Shen held the post of Prime Minister only for three years, while Queen Mother Dou highly regarded the thoughts of Huang Di and Lao - tzu for preserving her own rights, other than running the country well.