国家安全生产外部性的内在化

国家安全生产具有外部性，包括外部经济性和外部不经济性。为克服外部不经济性，实现内在化，需要采取各种适当的方式：一是企业方式，即国防企业建立现代企业制度，在政府和企业之间建立隔离带，把企业的所有权和经营权分开，使企业成为独立经营、自负盈亏的法人主体。二是合同市场方式，即通过市场竞争，在供给方和需求方之间达成交易合同，明确双方的权利义务。这是多种方式中最基本、最重要的方式。三是项目纵向一体化方式。它是在合同市场方式的交易成本过高的情况下实行的一种方式，它能把市场交易方式转换为项目内部交易方式，以节约交易费用。四是政府调控方式。它是在项目方式的内部交易成本过高时采取的一种方式。它与传统的政府方式不同：它严格区分了政府、军队和企业的职权，是对合同方式、项目方式的补充，因而既不是指令性计划方式，也不是重要的交易方式

Internalization of the Externality of National Safe Production

National safe poduction has the characteristic of externality, which consists of the external economy and the external non economy. To overcome the latter and realize the internalization, all kinds of proper forms should be adopted. The first is the form of enterprises, namely to establish the system of modern enterprises in the national defence enterprises, to establish the isolation belt between governments and enterprises, to separate enterprises' ownership from managerial authority, and to make enterprises become the body corperation which operates independently and assumes sole responsibility for its profits or losses. The second is the form of contract market, namely to make the transaction contract between the supply side and the demand side and to define the right and duty of the both sides. This is the most fundamental and important form of the all. The third is the form of vertical integration of projects, which is a form carried out under the condition of the transaction cost of the contract market form being too high, and which can transform the market transaction into the internal transaction of projects in order to save the transaction expenses. The fourth is the form of government adjustment, which is a form carried out under the condition of the internal transaction cost of the project form being too high, and which differs from the traditional govemment one: It strictly distinguishes the authorities of governments, army, and enterprises, and it complements the contract form and the project one. Therefore, it is not the form of mandatory planning and the important transaction one, either.