Poverty and the family-income cycle: Casual laborers in Amsterdam in the first half of the 20th century |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan;2. National Center of Excellence for Clinical Trial and Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan;3. Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan;4. Department of Internal Medicine, Cardinal Tien Hospital, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan;5. Department of Pathology, Cardinal Tien Hospital, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan;6. Transplant Medicine & Surgery Research Centre, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan;7. School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan;1. Institute Biomedical Engineering and Nanotechnology, Riga Technical University, Kipsalas Str. 6B, Riga LV-1048, Latvia;2. Institute of Chemical Physics, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Str. 1, Riga LV-1004, Latvia;3. Institute of Materials Science, Kaunas University of Technology, Barsausko Str. 59, Kaunas LT-51423, Lithuania;4. Joint-Stock Company ALFA RPAR, Ropazu Str. 140, Riga LV-1006, Latvia;5. Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 1999/2, 182 00 Prague 8, The Czech Republic;1. RWE Deutschland AG, Department of New Technologies, Kruppstraße 5, 45128 Essen, Germany;1. Instituto Ravignani – UBA/CONICET, Argentina;2. Instituto Ravignani – UBA, Argentina;1. Dept. of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, 115 Plant Science Building, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA;2. Dept. of Horticulture, University of Arkansas, 316 Plant Science Building, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA;3. Agricultural Statistics Laboratory, 101 AGRI Annex, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, 72701, USA |
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| Abstract: | Based on data collected from the files of the municipal poor relief institutions, the incomes of Amsterdam casual (dock) laborers and of their wives and children, poor relief, and other sources of income are plotted against their family cycles. The emerging patterns confirm results arrived at in American, British, and Belgian studies: Married women worked for wages mainly in the first period of the marriage, when the children were still too young to earn. For the same reason, families relied more on poor relief in this first period than later on. Only in the second and third periods could families rely (more or less) on their own labor due to the substantial contribution made by their children (from age 14). Wives of these casual laborers worked more for wages (often as charwomen) than did the wives of skilled laborers. Obviously, norms and rules about wives' responsibilities in the home were strong enough to prevent women from aspiring to substantial, or even lifetime jobs, although only a few families in this sample could survive on the males' incomes alone. |
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