Sampling of explosive residues: The use of a gelatine-based medium for the recovery of ammonium nitrate |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Security and Crime Science, University College London, 35 Tavistock Square, London WC1H 9EZ, United Kingdom;2. Centre for the Forensic Sciences, University College London, 35 Tavistock Square, London WC1H 9EZ, United Kingdom;3. Department of Medical Physics & Biomedical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom;4. School of Applied Science, London South Bank University, 103 Borough Road, London SE1 0AA, United Kingdom;5. Institute for Sustainable Heritage, University College London, Central House, London WC1E 0NN, United Kingdom;1. School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, HD1 3DH, United Kingdom;2. Department of Criminal Justice and Forensic Science, School of Law, Policing and Forensics, Staffordshire University, Leek Road, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, ST4 2DF, United Kingdom;1. Department of Psychological Science, University of Arkansas, United States;2. University of Texas A&M-San Antonio, United States;3. University of Central Lancashire, United Kingdom;4. Boston Police Department, United States;1. Podiatry Services, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Woodhouse Clinic, 3 Skelton Lane, Sheffield, S13 7LY, UK;2. University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK;3. University of Northampton, University Drive, Northampton NN1 5PH, UK;4. UMCG, University of Groningen, 9712 CP Groningen, Netherlands;1. Ingénierie Procédés Aliments, AgroParisTech, Inra, Université Paris-Saclay, 91300 Massy, France;2. Laboratoire Central de la Préfecture de Police, 39bis rue de Dantzig, 75015 Paris, France;3. Physiologie de la Nutrition et du Comportement Alimentaire, AgroParisTech, Inra, Université Paris-Saclay, 75005 Paris, France;1. ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas—UNICAMP, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil;2. National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology—INMETRO, 25250-020 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil;3. Brazilian Federal Police—PF, 70037.900 Brasília, DF, Brazil;4. Technical-Scientific Police Superintendency, Criminalistic Institute Dr. Octávio Eduardo de Brito Alvarenga—IC-SPTC-SP, 05507-06 São Paulo, SP, Brazil;1. Legal Medicine Section—SAIMLAL Department, SAPIENZA University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 336, 00161 Roma, Italy;2. Institut de Police Scientifique, Université de Lausanne, Batiment Batochimie, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;3. Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via San Donato 15, 40127 Bologna, Italy;4. Department of Chemistry, University of Bologna, Via Selmi, 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy;5. Emilia Romagna Regional Bureau of Scientific Police, Via Volto Santo 3, 40123 Bologna, Italy;6. Scientific Investigation Unit, Carabinieri Roma, Viale Tor di Quinto, 151, 00191 Roma, Italy;7. Department of Chemistry, SAPIENZA University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy |
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| Abstract: | Forensic scientists must be able to recover traces of any original explosive materials not consumed in the detonation, in a careful controlled manner to aid a crime reconstruction. In current sampling techniques, the collection efficiency of post-blast residue is highly variable and often dependent on the swabbing materials and solvent systems used. To address these method limitations, this study presents a gelatine-based sampling medium and assesses its capabilities for the collection of ammonium nitrate. Common surfaces were spotted with a known concentration of ammonium nitrate, the unset gel applied, allowed to set, and then peeled from the surface. The gel was dissolved, and solid phase extraction employed to isolate the target explosive compound and remove the constituents of the gel. The eluate was concentrated and subsequently analysed and quantified. Overall, the gel formulation was able to collect ammonium nitrate from all of the test surfaces, with recoveries ranging from 0.1% to 61.7%. This study presents a gelatine-based formulation that has the potential to become a valuable asset in the forensic tool kit for the collection of explosive traces. A key attribute of the gel is that it offers an alternative recovery tool to conventional swabbing and solvent extraction methods. |
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| Keywords: | Post-blast analysis Trace evidence Evidence recovery Gelatine |
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