夫妻共同债务的例外规则:以法国法为参照

我国的夫妻共同债务制度最初由司法解释所确立。2003年《最高人民法院关于适用〈中华人民共和国婚姻法〉若干问题的解释(二)》以"婚姻关系存续期间"作为判断夫妻共同债务的依据引发普遍争议;2018年《最高人民法院关于审理涉及夫妻债务纠纷案件适用法律有关问题的解释》试图对此进行矫正,确立了关于"家庭日常生活需要"及"共债共签"的规则等。2020年《中华人民共和国民法典》将后者整体纳入其中。在夫妻共同债务制度的司法适用过程中,应防止过度强调债权人保护、扩大连带责任适用的倾向。为此,可借鉴法国法的相关经验,以"家庭日常生活需要"为核心,将夫妻共同债务的适用范围主要限于家庭日常生活的消费性债务,而排除对外担保、大额举债或投资行为等引发的经营性债务。另外,还应通过司法解释和指导性案例,确立财产混同的处理规则、恶意情形排除适用规则等,确保相关当事人利益的保护。

The Exception Rules of the Regime of the Matrimonial Community Debts:In Light of the Experience of French Law

The regime of the matrimonial community debts was initially introduced by the judicial body.The judicial interpretation of 2003 set up the principle of"debts incurred during the marriage"which was largely criticized.Thus,the judicial interpretation of 2018 tried to redress the unfair results and fixed the rules of the"needs of the family"and of"debts signed jointly by both spouses",which were wholly incorporated in the Chinese civil Code.During the judicial application of such rules provided by the civil Code,it is necessary to avoid excessive protection of creditors and enlarge the joint and several liability.Consequently,it would be helpful to make reference to the experience of French law.Precisely,the key factor should be the"needs of the family",the scope of application might be limited to the debts incurred by family consumption and the those incurred by guarantee,huge loan or investment by one of the spouses.Furthermore,other rules on the confusion between personal property and community property,on the exclusion of fraudulency should be introduced by the judicial interpretation or guiding cases in order to protect the legal interests of the relevant parties.