刑事被害人当事人化的反思与制度重构

刑事被害人当事人化的实质是犯罪损害追诉方式的公私合一,该制度设计混淆了公益和私益两种不同性质的诉讼,导致两种权益保护相互冲突进而对刑事司法结果公正造成负面影响。公私分离是刑事被害人去当事人化的当然制度选择,其立法对策主要包括在刑事立法中确立被害人为特殊诉讼参与人、废除被害人在刑事审判中就定罪量刑发表意见的权利、废止被害人刑事自诉权和切断其引起刑事二审、再审的程序路径。同时需要完善相关配套举措,如允许被害人对其物质和精神损害单独提起民事诉讼、完善精神损害赔偿制度、建立刑事被害人国家补偿制度等。

Reflection and Reconstruction of Criminal Victims' Partyization

The essence of the criminal victim’s partyization is the public-private combination of criminal damage prosecution method.The system design has conflated the two types of litigations of public interest and private interest,which leads to conflicts between the protections of the two types of interest and thus negatively affects the fairness of criminal justice results.The public-private separation of criminal damage is the natural choice to realize the de-partyization of victims.The legislative countermeasures mainly include the establishment of victims’role as special litigation participants in criminal legislation,the abolition of victims’right to issue opinions on conviction and sentencing in criminal trials,the repeal of victims’right to initiate private prosecution,and cutting off victims’path to trigger the criminal second instance procedure and retrial procedure.At the same time,it is necessary to improve relevant supporting measures,such as allowing victims to file civil suits for their material and mental damages separately,improving the compensation system for mental damage,and establishing a national compensation system for criminal victims.