马克思、恩格斯的社会主义理论在东西方实践之比较

19世纪,马克思、恩格斯在科学分析资本主义社会的基本矛盾和发展趋势的基础上,提出了关于未来社会主义社会的原则构想;马克思、恩格斯把研究的视点转向东方时,又提出了“社会主义在世界凯歌行进中能把落后国家带到新世界中来”,以及俄国农村公社“不通过资本主义制度的卡夫丁峡谷”直接进入新社会的思想。在已经过去的20世纪和崭新的21世纪,社会主义在世界的东方和西方得到了实践,但其路径和成效迥异,一方面是西欧社会民主党蜕变为资本主义的政权党、改良党,另一方面是苏东剧变和中国特色社会主义取得伟大成就。100多年来东西方社会主义实践形成的强烈对比表明,世界社会主义运动中有模式,但没有固定的模式,这是马克思、恩格斯的社会主义理论原则给予我们新世纪的最有益的启示。

A Comparison between Implementations of the Socialist Theory of Marx and Engels in the East and the West

In the 19th century, Marx and Engels put forward the ideological principle for a socialist society in the future based on a scientific analysis of the basic contradictions and the trend of development of the capitalist society. Focusing their attentions to the East, they further raised the idea that "socialism can bring the backward countries into a new world during its triumphant advance" and that the Russian rural commune can enter a new society direct"without undergoing the Karfding gorge of the capitalist system". The socialist theory has been put to practice in the East and the West, undergoing entirely different ways and obtaining totally different achievements in the past 20th century and the present 21st century. On one hand,the social democratic parties have deteriorated into capitalist parties and reformist parties in the Western European countries. On the other, dramatic changes have taken place in the former Soviet Union and some other Eastern European Countries and great achievements have been obtained in China by building socialism with its own characteristics. The striking contrast between the practices in the building of socialism in the East and the West in over 100 years has expressed that there is a mode but no fixed mode for socialist movement. This is a fresh and beneficial enlightenment we have obtained from the theoretical principle of Marx and Engels on socialism in the new century.