美国新兴技术治理的理念与实践

在中美科技博弈的背景下,新兴技术治理的实际效能兼具重要的经济价值和国际政治意涵。同时,新兴技术的高度不确定性对美国既有技术治理体系和能力提出全面挑战。美国新兴技术治理表现出明显的保护主义和技术民族主义倾向,服从并服务于其国家安全战略。新兴技术的革命性导致美国技术治理能力全面滞后于技术发展速度;国内治理体系碎片化且缺少有效协调机制的现实,制约着新兴技术治理的实际进程;全球范围内技术治理安全化的倾向严重阻碍着技术治理的国际合作,也阻碍美国与盟友之间的合作。拜登政府积极致力于实现美国技术治理体系和能力的现代化,试图采取多边主义策略对中国新兴技术发展进行限制和封锁;极有可能在坚持刚性措施的同时突出强调弹性措施在未来美国新兴技术治理中的优先等级;试图通过重建总统科技顾问委员会以及审查政府科学诚信政策等手段,重塑科学及科学家在新兴技术治理中的核心地位,突出“技术怀疑论”并对新兴技术发展采取更为严格的审查和监管措施,并可能重新确立基础研究在新兴技术治理中的基础性作用。

Emerging Technology Governance in the United States:Ideas and Practice

The importance and urgency of governance of emerging technologies is underscored by the potential subversive,revolutionary,and destructive nature of new technologies.In the midst of a growing Sino-U.S.technology competition,there are important economic value and symbolic meaning in the actual effectiveness of emerging technology governance.At the same time,the high degree of uncertainty of emerging technologies is a stress test for America’s technology governance architecture and capabilities,which are undergoing a protectionist and nationalist turn.The revolutionary nature of emerging technologies has caused the United States’technological governance capabilities to lag behind the speed of technological development.A fragmented governance architecture and the lack of effective coordination mechanisms at home are handicapping technology governance.In addition,the securitization of technology governance is impeding international cooperation.The Biden administration is committed to modernizing U.S.technology governance architecture and capabilities at home and pursuing a multilateralist strategy to restrict and block the development of China’s emerging technologies.In its approach to technology governance,the Biden administration is expected to resort to both flexible measures and stringent ones.It is also expected to strengthen the role of science and scientists in technology governance by reviving the President’s Scientific Advisory Committee and strengthening scientific integrity.Technological skepticism will be emphasized to adopt stricter review and oversight of the development of emerging technologies.Moreover,the fundamental role of basic research may be reaffirmed in the governance of emerging technologies.