德国民法上的违法性理论研究

自德国法学家耶林提出违法性与过错的区分之后,这一观点就支配了德国立法和理论。虽然有学者质疑区分的意义,但二者的区分还是非常必要的。在德国民法理论上,违法性判断理论有结果不法说、行为不法说和折衷说。较之于其他两种学说,折衷说具有较多的优点,不过,折衷说的采纳,必须以作为侵权不作为侵权和直接侵权间接侵权的区分为前提。折衷说还可能导致有些情况下过失判断标准和违法性判断标准的趋同,但这并不意味着我们一定要采纳“内在注意”和“外在注意”区分的理论。

A Study on Unlawfulness in German Civil law

Since Rudolf von Jhering,a German legal scholar,advanced that unlawfulness is different from wrong, his notion has dominated German legislative and theoretical areas.Though some scholars doubt the meaning of the dif- ferentiation,it is still necessary to have the two distinguished.In German civil law,three doctrines prevail about the judgment of unlawfulness:consequence unlawfulness,act unlawfulness and the depend-on(compromise)doctrine.In comparison,the last one has more merits than the first two.However,adoption of th“depend-on”doctrine is prem- ised on the differentiation of active tort and negative tort,and of direct tort and indirect tort.The depend-on doctrine may also lead to obscurity and overlapping of criteria for the judgment of tort or unlawfulness.This,however,does not necessarily mean that we must distinguish“intrinsic care”from“external care.”