刑事强制措施体系及其完善

刑事强制措施可以分为以抓捕、截停、带到为目的的措施和以保证被告人出席审判为目的的措施两大类。为防止政府权力的滥用,西方国家从适当根据、令状主义、迅速带见法官等方面对羁押之前的抓捕、截停进行了规制;从羁押适用的法定理由、决定主体、上诉救济以及迅速审判等多个角度对审判前的羁押进行了规制。在我国,刑事强制措施也涵括了以拘留为中心、以留置盘问、公民扭送为补充的抓捕、截停、带到措施,以及以逮捕为术语标志的审前羁押措施和以取保候审、监视居住为形式的审前释放措施,并对这些措施设置了与西方大体相当而又略有差别的规制机制。尽管我国现行刑事强制措施体系较为完备,但仍需从拘留的临时化、逮捕羁押的司法化以及监视居住的自由化等方面进行完善。

System of Criminal Compulsory Measuresand its Perfection

The criminal compulsory measures may be classified into two groups.One are measures that aim at apprehending,stopping and bringing the suspect to judges,which are generally called as arrests,and the other are measures that ensure the appearance of the defendant at the trial,which are usually called as pretrial detentions,residential surveillance and bails.In order to prevent the abuse of the power of depriving citizens’ personal freedom,the West sets many restrictions on compulsory measures.With respect to the measure of apprehending,the law requires probable cause,a writ from judges,and bringing the suspect to a judge without unreasorable delay after an arrest.With respect to pretrial detention,the law requires causes with legality and judge-dominated decision process,and entitles the suspect with the right to appeal to the superior court and the right to a speedy trial. In China,measures that aim at apprehending and stopping the suspect,and bringing the suspect to law enforcements are called as criminal detentions,stops for further interrogation and seizure and deliver.In addition,measures that ensure the appearance of the defendant at trial are called as arrests,guarantors pending trial,and residential surveillance.Chinese law also sets restrictions on compulsory measures.For example,the law requires a warrant when making a criminal detention.Contrastingly,the criminal detention warrant is not subscribed by a judicial officer,but by a public security organ.Although Chinese law does not entitle the defendant the right to a speedy trial,it sets time limits for handling cases in different stages for different organs,thus requires law enforcements to handle cases quickly. Admittedly,China’s compulsory measures need to be improved.It is necessary to make the time period of the criminal detention shorter so that it looks more like a provisional measure in exigent conditions.And more procedural safeguards to the suspects and defendants are needs in the process of deciding an arrest.Still,people under the residential surveillance should be more liberal.Unfortunately,the Resolution on Revising the Criminal Procedure Law promulgated on March the fourteenth,2012 does not make the compulsory measures improved.It leaves more things to do to improve China’s compulsory measures.