明末清初天主教与阳明心学关于“灵魂”的论辩

明末清初天主教传教士来华传教,与阳明学者针对“灵魂”问题进行了深入的论辩。传教士认为灵魂是性,而阳明学者认为灵魂是心;传教士认为灵魂不灭,面临着天主的审判,而阳明学者认为灵魂会回归太虚;传教士认为天堂地狱是实存的世界,而阳明学者认为天堂地狱皆是心的反映,对善恶的奖惩不是进入天国或下入地狱,而是良知的满足与否。这些论辩反映出阳明心学是明末清初传教士与本土学者论辩的焦点:传教士对阳明心学持批判态度,阳明心学则是本土学者用以抵制天主教的武器。

Debate on"Soul"Between Catholicism and the Idealist Yangmingism in Late Ming and Early Qing

In late Ming and early Qing,Catholic missionaries came to China for missionary work and had indepth debate with the Yangming scholars on the issue of“soul”.The missionaries believed that soul is(human)nature,while the Yangming scholars believed that soul is heart-mind;the missionaries believed that the soul is immortal and will be faced with the judgment of God,while the Yangming scholars believed that the soul will ultimately return to the great void;the missionaries believed that paradise and hell are real worlds,while the Yangming scholars believed that paradise and hell are the reflection of heart-mind,which means that the reward and punishment for good and evil is not to enter the paradise or to the hell,but that moral knowing is satisfied or not.These arguments reflect that the idealist Yangmingism was the focus of the debate between the missionaries and the local Chinese scholars in late Ming and early Qing.The missionaries held a critical attitude towards the idealist Yangmingism,which,however,was a weapon used by the local Chinese scholars to resist Catholicism.