财产独立管理委托的信托性质与信托制度融入民法典研究——从财产管理委托的类型化分析展开

委托财产依财产公示制度转移于受托人的财产管理委托,以受托人是否受制于委托人控制为标准,可分为财产独立管理委托和财产代理管理委托。财产独立管理委托系委托人为实现其某种目的与相关意愿,将其一定财产依财产公示制度转移于受托人,受托人仅受委托人设立委托时表示于外意思管辖,但意思表示可能存在若干空白的财产管理委托。财产独立管理委托与信托具有同一性,其中委托目的明示的财产独立管理委托与明示信托具有同一性,委托目的默示的财产独立管理委托与默示信托具有同一性。中国的过去和现在都客观存在大量的信托实践,信托制度具有民法化的实践基础。对物权概念为信托制度融入民法典提供了理论基础;《加拿大魁北克省民法典》为信托制度融入民法典提供了可资借鉴的成功经验。

The Nature of Trust for Independent Management of Property by Entrustment and How to Integrate the Trust System into the Civil Code ---from the Categorization Perspective of Property Management Entrustment

The property management entrustment has indefinitely various types, while in case that the en-trusting property has been transferred to the trustee by registration, the property management entrustment canbe divided into independent management of property by entrustment and management of property by agency ac-cording to whether the trustee is subject to the control of the settlor. As to the former type, the settlor transfersthe property to the trustee according to the property registration system with specific purposes and pertinent wi-shes, and the trustee should be subject to the setflor~ wishes in establishing the trust though maybe with someimplied wishes. The independent management of property by entrustment is equivalent to the trust system, inwhich the explicit entrusting purpose is equivalent to express trust while the implied entrusting purpose com-plies with implied trust. The sufficient practice of trust system in China both in history and at present hasproved that the trust system has practical foundation to be merged in the civil law. Besides, the concept of theright in rem can provide theoretical basis, and successful experience can be referred from the Civil Code ofQuebecto integrate the trust system into the Civil Code.