权利空间的拓展——农民迁徙自由的宪法学分析

迁徙自由是人们追求幸福、实现人生价值和目标的“复合性”权利,它在整个宪法权利体系中具有基础性的意义。以限制迁徙自由为实际内容的户籍制度,造就了不公正的城乡二元社会结构,阻隔着人们以自由迁徙的方式完成“地缘的结合”和“从身份到契约”的转变,并直接形成了与宪政精神的抵牾。迁徙自由体现着对人的价值的宪政关怀,它为农民自身的全面自由发展及其权利的拓展提供了广阔的空间,为瓦解传统的城乡二元社会结构并祛除由此而生的城乡歧视、城乡差别提供着制度上的契机与可能。同时,以农民为主体的自由迁徙有助于形成政府间竞争博弈的宪政权力结构,有助于形成宪政所必需的公民意识和政治理性。只有当农民以具有完善人格和个人理念的“自由公民”形象出现并真正成为政治关系的完整主体时,才能为宪政和法治建设奠定坚实的社会基础。

The Extension of Human Rights for the Peasant: An Analysis on the Freedom to Move from the Perspective of Constitutional Law

The freedom to move is a special compound human right for the citizens to pursue the happiness and destination in the lifetime. It holds its fundamental meaning in the whole system of the constitutional rights. The census law system in force intends to restrict the freedom to move, which results in the impartial dual social structure between the city and country and conflicts with the spirit of the constitutional law. The freedom to move embodies the great care about the humanity and provides a broader space for the peasant to fulfill their overall human rights, which smoothes over the dual social structure and destroys the root of the social discriminations. In the meantime, the freedom to move for the peasant contributes to develop the rational power structure of the government and cultivate the political culture which is indispensable to the constitutional system. In general, only when the peasant have the right to enjoy their liberty and became the subject of political system, can the construction of constitutionalism and rule of law hold its solid social basis.