农村集体土地制度的宪法解释

八二宪法的集体土地制度包括所有权层面和使用权层面。无论是五四宪法还是八二宪法,从农民土地所有权到集体土地所有权的变化无非是国家管理农村经济手段的变化。但八二宪法的土地承包经营权之确立既带有国家管理手段变化的色彩,也带有基本权利的色彩。土地承包经营权的出现与自留地的保留一样,也是农民用生存权进行抗争的结果。因为其生存权属性,土地承包经营权具有对抗国家性,当然这种对抗国家性是伴随着现代法治观念的传播逐渐增强的。同时,由于其内在缺陷,生存权无法完全有效对抗国家权力,农村土地承包经营权需要从生存权本质转向自由权本质。

Constitutional Interpretation of the Rural Collective Land System

In accordance with the 82 Constitution promulgated in 1982,the collective land system in-cludes the ownership and the right to use. The change from the land ownership of farmers to the collective ownership of land in both the 54 Constitution promulgated in 1954 and 82 Constitution have indicated change of means for national management of rural economy. However,the right to land contractual management con-ferred by the 82 constitution means not only the change of administrative approaches but also bears the feature of basic rights. The right to land contractual management is just like the maintenance of individual plots which is the fighting result by the farmers using the right of survival. Because of the attribute of the right of survival, the right to land contractual management tends to go against the national power which is enhanced by concept dissemination of the rule of law. In the meanwhile,because of its inherent defects,the right of survival cannot be effectively against the national power,so that the right to land contractual management should change from the nature of survival rights to the essence of right to freedom.