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Authoritarian Regimes and Their Permitted Oppositions: Election Day Outcomes in Cuba
Authors:Jorge I. Domínguez  Ángela Fonseca Galvis  Chiara Superti
Affiliation:1. Antonio Madero Professor for the Study of Mexico and chair of the Harvard Academy for International and Area Studies at Harvard University;2. Assistant professor of economics at the Pontificia Universidad Javeriana;3. Lecturer in political science at Columbia University
Abstract:Electoral opposition to long‐established authoritarian regimes may be loyal or rejectionist. Loyal oppositionists vote to send a selective signal to rulers; rejectionist oppositionists vote blank or void the ballot in full disapproval. In Cuba, the number of candidates equals the number of seats, yet voters may vote blank, void, or selectively (choosing some but not all candidates on the ballot), although the Communist Party has campaigned for all candidates. This article uses a unique dataset for Cuba's 2013 National Assembly elections to study aggregate opposition outcomes. It shows the emergence of a loyal opposition, which sometimes votes for and sometimes against Communist Party candidates. The rejectionist opposition, stable over time, never votes for Communist Party candidates; it is found where the Communist Party behaves monopolistically. This combined opposition has better national‐level political information; it comes from more educated or larger urban areas or areas closer to Havana.
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