目击证人错误辨认风险的司法防范——以美国新泽西州的司法实践为借鉴

在美国新泽西州的刑事诉讼实践中,通过与心理学研究之间的密切互动,形成了一个对辨认组织、执行规范,辨认结果使用规范为一体的错误辨认风险司法防范措施体系,较好地防止了错误辨认结果被采纳从而酿成错案的风险。2012年修正后的中国刑事诉讼法首次将辨认笔录作为一种独立的证据种类予以规定,但本法对于辨认的组织、执行、辨认笔录的质证等缺乏相应的规定。《人民检察院刑事诉讼规则》、《公安机关办理刑事案件程序规定》对辨认准备、执行的规定不仅简略、粗糙,而且相互冲突。从提高辨认结果可靠性的角度考虑,可以借鉴新泽西州目击证人辨认规则与实践变迁的历史和经验,吸收心理学研究的最新成果,以进一步完善中国刑事诉讼中的辨认规则。

Judicial Prevention of Risk from the Misidentification of Eyewitnesses --Lessons from the Judicial Practice of New Jersey U. S.

In New Jersey U. S. , based on the interaction between criminal justice practice and psychology re- searches, a judicial system to prevent risk from the organizations, identification rules and rules of using misidentification of eyewitnesses, which includes identification better effect on reducing the risk of misjudged cases identification results, has been established. This system has a as a result of stopping misidentification from being adopted. The Criminal Procedure Code of PRC （CPC） which was amended in 2012 prescribes the identification record as a kind of evidence for the first time, but there are no rules for organizations, administration and cross - examination of identification in CPC. The descriptions of identification about its preparation and administration in Criminal Jus- tice Rule of People ~s Procuratorate （CJRPP） and Rule of Dealing with Criminal Case of Public Security Organ （RDCCPSO） are too simple and conflicting. In order to improve the reliability of identification and make its rules perfect, we can learn from the history and experience of the rules of identification of eyewitnesses in New Jersey U. S. and absorb the latest research achievement of psychology.