试论我国未来民法典中的民事责任制度的体例

传统大陆法系的立法体例是将民事责任规定在债法中,责任与债融为一体,在民法典中并没有单独规定民事责任专章。有的学者认为,民事责任的含义可以分两方面来理解,第一种含义是指某人对他人的权利或者利益不法地加以侵害时,应该受到的民法上的制裁,而这种责任是债务成立的原因;第二种意义是指债务人就其债务而应以其财产为之所承担的担保,这种民事责任是债务成立之后的结果。在很多国家的民事立法中,以有债务即由此种民事责任为原则,所以由此产生的结果就是债务与责任两者经常被混为一谈。然而现代民法将民事责任与债相分离已经是一种不可阻挡的趋势。我国《民法通则》一个显著的特点就是单独就民事责任设立了一章,从而突破了传统大陆法系将民事责任纳入执法的立法体例,可以说,这一设定是我国民事立法的一大特色。本文通过阐述《民法通则》民事责任制度的优点和不足,对之加以扬弃,从而为民法典中民事责任制度的构建提出一点看法。

The institution of the civil liability of civil code in the future

The legislative style of the traditional mainland lawful department is to rule the civil liability in the law of debt the duty merge into debt.There is no sections and chapters about ruling alone civil liability.Some scholars think that the meaning of the civil liability can divide the both side to comprehend.The first meaning,the people who infringe upon human right should be punished according the civil law.But this kind of the duty is reason that the debt was setted up.The second meaning,the debtor should undertake the property guarantee as its debt,the result of this king of civil liability is after establishing the debt.In a lot of national civil liability as the principle.So it leads to lump together debt and duty.However,it is an trendency that it separated civil liability from debt in modern civil law.This text expound the advantage and shortage of civil liability.Thus it put forward some viewpoint about setting up the institution of civil liability.