论国家豁免中商业交易的认定

在国家豁免领域内,各国的国内立法和国际条约都规定国家从事以追求利润为目的的商业交易不得援引豁免。但是,如何建立一个公认的法律标准来认定商业交易则并非易事。由于所有对商业交易的定义都是难以捉摸和模糊不清的,很难清楚和准确地将某一行为归于商业行为或非商业行为。在确定一个行为是否是商业交易时,法院通常将行为的目的或性质确定为验证行为特征的辅助手段。但不论是行为的目的或性质都不能提供完全满意的区分标准,因而产生了另一种更广义的区分标准,即混合标准。鉴于目前尚未找到共同的国际标准,在区分商业行为和主权行为时,联合国国际法委员会所提倡的混合标准说仍不失为一个较为理想的折衷之道。

Establishment of Commercial Transactions in State Immunity

Under the state immunity doctrine,both domestic laws and international treaties preclude a state's immunity where it engages in commercial transactions to pursue profits.However,it is not easy to set up a generally accepted criterion to establish commercial transactions.The mistiness and vagueness of the definition of commercial transactions contribute much to the difficulty in distinguishing commercial acts from non-commercial acts.While establishing a commercial transaction,courts usually use intention or nature of an act as supplementary measures to decide the features of the act.However,neither purpose nor nature is a satisfactory criterion.Thus,another criterion,(i.e.,the mixed criterion in an even broader sense) comes into being.Since no uniform international criteria have been adopted to distinguish commercial acts and sovereign acts,the mixed criteria advanced by the UN International Law Commission may after all be accepted as an ideal test.