近20年英美哲学的最新进展(下)

2、实在论.在当代美国哲学家看来,实在论、自然主义和实用主义在哲学基本倾向上是一致的,它们之间的关系可以解释为,是一种以实用主义为主导精神,以实在论为基本态度,以自然主义为思想方法的美国特有的生活方式.在当代美国哲学中,实在论和实用主义构成了一幅美国哲学的未来图景.当今美国哲学中的一种重要动向,就是实用主义实在论的兴起.2000年10月在美国纽约布法罗州立大学举行的"美国实用自然主义传统中的实在论的未来"国际研讨会,就充分体现了这样一种倾向.例如,默菲(Mur-ray G. Murphey)指出,实用主义不是要揭示世界的真实情况,而是要说明人类对环境做出有限反应的能力,例如人类根据自己的兴趣或态度对某种所与物(the giyen)作出选择.这里并不涉及真实世界的独立存在问题,而仅仅涉及到外在事物对人类感官产生的感觉刺激,也就是知觉(perception)过程.罗森塔尔(Sandra B. Rosenthal)明确地把实用主义与实在论联系起来.

Development of British and American Philosophy in the Past 20 years(Ⅱ)

In the past 20 years, British and American philosophy have made progress in four aspects, including analytical philosophy, especially language philosophy and mind philosophy; pragmatism that dominates again during academic interactions with analytical philosophy; political and moral philosophy such as applied ethics and public philosophy; interactions between British and American philosophy and European continental philosophy and discourse hegemony status of British and American philosophy in post- modernism. The contemporary British and American philosophy is characterized as freeing from traditional dominant ideas, more focusing on the role of socialist culture in philosophical thinking, emphasizing that theoretical thinking itself is a part of practical actions, and paying more attention to realistic issues and unknown fields that times put forward.