家庭责任分担立法与中国女性平等工作权的实现

虽然男女平等分担家庭、工作场所的权利、权力和责任已成为世界范围内男女平等立法的重要原则,但有关男女平等分担家庭责任立法在我国至今为止还处于缺席的状态。这反映了性别本质主义和公私领域的二元划分对我国女性工作权立法的影响,也暴露了我国立法对女性地位和作用的忽视。男女平等分担家庭责任立法的缺失已成为妇女充分进入工作领域的一个障碍,也与目前国际范围内的女性工作权的立法趋势和理念相悖,中国女性平等工作权的实现呼唤中国男女平等分担家庭责任立法的早日出台。     

性别排挤与平等追求的博奕——以女性劳动权益保障与男性家庭责任意识为视角

无论在公共领域,还是在私人领域,均存在着性别排挤与平等追求的博奕。人类社会进入后工业文明之后,这种博奕集中表现为女性劳动权益保障和男性家庭责任承担的博奕。女性劳动权益保障在公共领域直接表现为企业社会责任的承担,在私人领域则直接表现为男性家庭责任的承担。企业社会责任的承担在于女性劳动权益的救济——强化男女平等精神,强化内部管理机制、强化劳动保障意识、强化社会监管体系。男性家庭责任的承担在于女性家庭权益的救济——强化社会性别意识、强化性别平等观念、强化发展资源共享。当女性劳动权益保障与男性家庭责任承担紧密共融、相互促进之时,就是男女两性的实质平等和男女两性的充分解放之时。     

中国女性平等工作权实现的困境与法律保障

工作权是女性最基础的权利,我国女性工作权的实现遭遇诸多困境。现有的立法不仅无法提供女性平等工作权实现的条件和保障,而且某种程度上已经成为女性平等工作权实现的障碍。要确保中国女性平等工作权的实现必须完善现有法律。     

广东地方立法对妇女权益保护的推动与发展

广东地处发展与改革的前沿。广东地方立法以国家妇女权益保障立法为根据,紧跟国际妇女权益保护规约,首次从法律上明确性别平等的内涵,采取一系列有效行动或措施促进妇女发展和性别平等,具体细化和执行妇女参政议政权、工作权、婚姻家庭权益、财产权益等保障规定,同时,广东地方立法突破国家立法,出台保护妇女权益的诸多创新性法律规定,推动我国妇女权益保护的发展。     

社会性别的法律建构及其批判

性别等级是在人类社会进化的过程中,主要由男权文化不断解释与不断塑造的结果,社会性别这一概念是探求这一原因最好的分析工具。原初社会"男耕女织"的性别分工成为家庭关系与公共关系的分野。在公共关系中,男人在自利心的驱使下渐生平等的要求,并在平等诉求下形成法律;而在家庭关系中因为亲情而使平等与公正成为多余。由于女性并未参与公共关系中的法律建设,致使性别平等既不能在公共领域中得以表达,也不能在家庭关系中得以体现。最终,法律认同了公共领域与私人领域的划分,并在这一基础上建构起了性别等级的社会模式。而代表男权文化的法律理论也极尽"科学"之能,不断地掩盖和强化性别社会化的实质,尤以社会契约论为最。社会契约论以法律为公民同意之结果而使法律披上了公正的面纱,却因为无视女性没有成为契约主体的事实而沦为掩盖社会性别的帮凶。即便是罗尔斯的"无知之幕"理论也因为无法排除性别的先天知晓而成为法律平等与公正的神话。虽然,实证主义法学与自然法学在许多理论问题上存在着针锋相对的观点,但在制造并掩盖社会性别上也成了同盟军。法律与法律理论的紧密联系与有机配合终于迫使社会性别及其等级模式在法律中立的旗帜下不断地得以演绎、建构和强化。     

民法视角下的不同性别选择阶段的法益分析

性别选择得以产生不是因为生物性别的先天差异,而是缘于社会制度对性别的不平等对待.人的性别专属于自然人,属身体权保护的客体.针对不同的性别选择阶段,分别从选择主体的资格认定、风险责任的承担,生育知情与性别知情的辨别及选择目的的规范等方面进行分析,法律应通过立法技术的完善和法律位阶的提高把对性别选择的立法宗旨限定在为人类疾病控制和生命健康的维护范围内,以实现人与自然、人类自然性别的和谐发展.     

从单向负担到多元分担：生育假期制度之重塑

随着社会少子高龄化程度的加深，作为生育政策重要配套支持措施之一的生育假期制度不断调整，这虽对促进我国人口增长和结构优化具有积极意义，但也极易对女性劳动权益保障产生逆向激励作用。现行的传统单向型生育假期制度模式具体表现为对女性生育责任过度强调所形成的制度思路单向，以及对企业生育责任过度分配所形成的假期成本分担单向。应对该制度模式予以反思，建议向多元参与型生育假期制度模式进行转变：在理念上，强调性别平等以均衡女性和男性之间的家庭生育责任，合理分配企业、国家和社会之间的生育假期负担成本；在实施路径上，通过保障男性休假权利、灵活设置休假安排、合理设计休假长度等实现对生育假期制度的重塑，同时通过完善生育保险制度、加大财税政策支持力度等方式，提供更加全面的配套支持措施，最终实现生育权与劳动权之间的动态平衡。     

社会法对平等就业权私法救济困境的破解研究

在我国平等就业权受到侵害的救济遵循私法模式，从《民法典》规定的请求权基础上看包括人格权请求权、侵权责任请求权、缔约过失责任请求权和违约责任请求权四种具体路径。然而，从根本和长远来看，私法救济路径未能把握侵害平等就业权的实质是公益和私益侵害的竞合，忽视了平等就业权救济的社会法场域，造成了平等就业权救济的困境。具体表现为私权本位下平等就业权的认定难题，私法请求权路径的结构性问题与救济的法益缺失，过错责任、契约自由与证明责任的失衡，以及民事责任与私法自治的功能局限。平等就业权的社会法救济路径是破解困境的应有之意。理念上，社会法救济坚持社会本位下以注意义务规制用人单位权力，以无过错责任与关系性契约矫正私法救济原则。机制上，立足中国法治资源并吸收域外经验，构建社会法保护与私法救济的融合衔接机制，包括社会法治理机制、特殊侵权责任制度、歧视性雇佣的劳动合同法规制机制、就业歧视的社会法法律责任以及证明责任制度。     

我国侵权法上特殊数人侵权责任分担制度立法体例与规则研究——兼评《侵权责任法（二次审议稿）》第14条及相关条文

从法律适用规则、内部责任份额和立法技术规则等角度可以将四种数人侵权责任分担形态区分为两类：一般数人侵权责任分担形态（包括按份责任形态和连带责任形态）、特殊数人侵权责任分担形态（包括补充责任形态和不真正连带责任形态）。立法技术上,在一般规则部分对特殊数人侵权责任形态的基本制度应予以规定,而对适用过错责任或过错推定责任的侵权行为类型的补充责任形态和适用严格责任的侵权行为类型中的不真正连带责任形态应予以全面列举。     

疏离与回归:女性继承权的制度建构

女性继承权的制度建构,经历了性别平等逐步消解性别歧视的社会发展进程。原初社会女性神圣及诸子均分德性的道义判断,使女性继承权的初始享有占得先机。而男尊女卑、嫡长子继承制的确立与深化,使女性继承权遭遇排挤与遮蔽,引发女性继承权与性别平等的继承权以及崇男抑女的男性继承权的道德疏离与制度疏离。只有重塑人格平等、意思自治、弱势关怀、社会本位的价值基础,才能建构社会性别平等的继承权制度体系,并在继承观念的矫正与继承立法的干预下,实现女性继承权的回归与保障。     

Drugs in injured drivers in Denmark

As part of the project Impaired Motorists, Methods of Roadside Testing and Assessment for Licensing (IMMORTAL) under the European Commission's Transport RTD Programme of the 5th Framework Programme [I.M. Bernhoft, Drugs in accidents involved drivers in Denmark, D-R4.3 of the project Impaired Motorists, Methods Of Roadside Testing and Assessment for Licensing (IMMORTAL), www.immortal.or.at, 2005], a study regarding drugs in accident-involved drivers was carried out in Denmark. The main objectives of this study were: (1) to collect and analyse samples from injured drivers for the presence of drugs; (2) to give an indication whether drugs may have contributed to traffic accidents; and (3) to get information on the drug-positive drivers and their drug use. This paper focuses on objective 1. Injured drivers who were treated in hospital were asked to give a saliva sample, a blood sample or both. The samples were screened for the following substances: opiates, amphetamines, methamphetamines, incl. MDMA (ecstasy), cannabinoids and metabolites, cocaine and metabolites and benzodiazepines. Screenings were carried out by means of Cozart Microplate EIA kit. Positive screenings were confirmation analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) or liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). In total, 26 out of 330 patients were confirmed positive for one or more of the six drug groups. However, three patients were excluded from the survey for various reasons. Of the remaining 23 drug-positive patients 15 were found positive for one drug group, and in five of these cases alcohol was present in a concentration over the legal limit in Denmark (0.05%). The other eight patients were found positive for two drug groups, and in four of these cases, alcohol was also present in a concentration over the legal limit. Alcohol was found both in combinations with medicinal drugs, with illegal drugs and with both. Based on the saliva or blood concentrations, we estimate that there is a strong suspicion of impairment in 9 out of 23 cases, and in another six cases it was likely that the drivers were impaired.     

Fatal poisoning in drug addicts in the Nordic countries in 2007

The frequency of medico-legally examined fatal poisonings in 2007 among drug addicts was investigated in five Nordic countries; Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. The number of deaths, age, sex, place of death, main intoxicant, and other drugs present in blood samples were recorded to obtain national and comparable Nordic data, as well as data to compare with earlier studies in 2002, 1997, and 1991. Norway had the highest incidence of drug addict deaths by poisoning followed by Denmark, with 8.24 and 6.92 per 100,000 inhabitants, respectively. The death rates in Finland (4.02), Iceland (4.56), and Sweden (3.53) were about half that of Norway and Denmark. Compared with earlier studies, the death rates were unchanged in Denmark and Norway, but increased in Finland, Iceland, and Sweden. In all countries, fewer deaths (29-35%) were recorded in the capital area compared with earlier studies. Females accounted for 11-19% of the fatal poisonings. Iceland deviates with a more equal distribution between men and women (40%). Deaths from methadone overdoses increased in all Nordic countries, and methadone was the main intoxicant in Denmark in 2007, accounting for 51% of the poisonings. In Norway and Sweden, heroin/morphine was still the main intoxicant with a frequency of 68% and 48%, respectively. In Iceland, 3 deaths each were due to heroin/morphine and methadone, respectively. Finland differs from other Nordic countries in having a high number of poisonings caused by buprenorphine and very few caused by heroin/morphine. The total number of buprenorphine deaths in Finland doubled from 16 in 2002 to 32 in 2007, where it constituted 25% of deaths. The general toxicological screening program showed widespread multi-drug use in all countries. The median number of drugs per case varied from 3 to 5. The most frequently detected substances were heroin/morphine, methadone, buprenorphine, tramadol, amphetamine, cocaine, tetrahydrocannabinol, benzodiazepines and ethanol.     

2008年中国法治亮点巡礼

2008年，是中国法治进程稳步推进和稳健发展的一年，也是法治亮点频频闪现的一年。2008年的立法景观依然多姿多彩，科学立法、民主立法继续推进，公民对立法工作的有序参与进一步扩大，已出台的十一届全国人大常委会立法规划值得人们期待。此外，实施不久的《政府信息公开条例》、全面开展的监狱体制改革，以及此起彼伏的问责风暴等都是值得我们关注的法治亮点。     

Trustees in Cyprus regulated in 2007

Trust and company service providers in Cyprus are followingin the footsteps of their European counterparts and will toobe regulated at the beginning of 2007.     

Differences in female and male involvement in lethal violence in Russia

Relatively little is known of the distributions of homicide event characteristics in non-Western nations in which women relative to men are involved. This article utilizes unique homicide narratives drawn from Russian court and police records to compare homicide victim, offender, and event characteristics by sex of victim and separately by sex of offender. Results from logistic regression show that homicides in which a female was the victim or offender were more likely to occur between intimates and to occur in the home, whereas homicides involving males were more likely to occur in a public place, to be alcohol-related, to involve a firearm, and to involve a victim and offender who did not know each other well. These results not only present an important first glimpse at women as homicide victims and offenders in Russia specifically, but also provide a point of comparison with findings from similar analyses undertaken in the West, and present further initial observations upon which to construct a cohesive theory about female involvement in serious violent events.     

Trends in Non-Muslim Divorces in Singapore

This article examines the trends and patterns in the way thesecular divorce law has been utilized by couples in Singaporeseeking to end their marriage. Social and demographic featuresof the divorcing couples, as well as the ‘fact’relied on in support of their divorce petitions, are studiedand compared to earlier analyses. It is found that while somepatterns observed by earlier researchers have remained intact,others have changed. This article suggests explanations forthese observed patterns and contributes to the discussion onwhether and how the divorce law can be improved in Singaporeand elsewhere.     

Competence in caring in legal practice

This article is concerned with the stories of female solicitors working in Queensland, Australia, and their account of ethics in practice. These narratives were sought and made in the context of our project investigating complaints received against practitioners in this jurisdiction. Our interviews with female lawyers were intended to provide more insight into complaints matters. Yet this discussion revealed broader insights into ethical questions about the nature of lawyer–client relationships and legal professionalism. This article considers these accounts by reflecting on the concept of ‘care’ and its fit with legal practice requirements today. In doing so, we consider the difficult gendered question of the relationship between caring and ‘women's’ practice. We do not assert a true woman's working style; we seek to contextualise our empirical research by tracing the complex effect of gender on lawyering roles. Finally, we suggest that the adoption of caring practice is a valid approach to lawyering and call for a caring approach to be re-valued in the legal professional context as an ethical proposition.