起步晚、发展快、弯路少越南经济改革卓有成效

起步晚、发展快、弯路少越南经济改革卓有成效郭品，刘夷一、经济现状在当前国际经济呈现出全球性衰退时，越南经济却一枝独秀，取得令人瞩目的成就。亚洲开发银行的报告，越南１９８６－１９８９年经济增长率曾一度高达８％，但由于原苏联停止对越援助，经济增长率分别降...     

日本ODA—ADB框架下的开发援助及其启示——以南亚地区为例

日本是参与政府开发援助(ODA)的重要国家之一,也是亚洲开发银行(ADB)的实际领导者。经过半个多世纪的发展,日本已经建立了成熟的ODA-ADB框架模式,无论作为双边援助体系中的援助国,还是多边开发银行体系下的领导者,日本都在不断追逐自身利益并推进国家战略。通过近年来日本在南亚地区,尤其是在印度的开发援助活动可以发现,两种貌似不同的援助方式,实则指导思想别无二致。日本在南亚地区开发援助的信念与实践充分反映了二者从属于同一价值体系的基本特征,并彰显其意欲扩大地区性影响力的政治与经济企图。     

日本的高等教育对外援助

基于"教育强国"的历史经验,日本对高等教育的援外工作给予高度重视,通过接收留学生、开展技术合作、提供无偿援助和日元贷款等形式为发展中国家提供了大量援助。发展中国家高等教育环境发生变化,各层次教育要求综合发展、知识经济兴起对理工人才需求增加、高等教育管理和区域合作等方面亟需援助。日本的高等教育对外援助政策综合协调了高等教育与其他层次教育的关系,突出了理工科的优先地位以及管理援助的重要性,重视发展中国家高等教育的区域合作。日本的高等教育援助特征是以受援国现实需求为逻辑起点,以知识经济兴起为背景,以软件援助为主要内容;其本质是为本国政治战略和国家软实力建设服务。     

日本对蒙古援助分析

以苏联解体和蒙古向市场经济转型为契机,1991年日本正式开始了对蒙古的官方发展援助(ODA),并以相对较小的成本,长期成为国际社会对蒙援助的最大援助国。根据蒙古经济发展的不同阶段和国家战略需求,日本对蒙援助经历了紧急救济型援助、有计划的恢复型援助和有计划的发展型援助三个阶段。ODA成为20世纪90年代以来维系和加深日蒙关系的关键,对促进蒙古经济社会的恢复与发展,推动蒙古市场经济转型等发挥了重要作用。通过对蒙援助,日本提高并巩固了自身在东北亚地区的战略地位,提升了自己的国际影响力和国际形象,为其获得广阔的市场和丰富的资源提供了便利条件。     

冷战初期缅甸中立外交与美国对缅援助

艾森豪威尔政府对缅甸的援助活动主要围绕其对缅中立外交的认知展开。入主白宫后，艾森豪威尔对东南亚区域一度奉行整体遏制战略，漠视缅甸独特的中立外交政策和援助请求。随着1955年万隆会议召开以及中苏两国与第三世界国家经济联系的加强，美国逐渐放弃区域整体战略，不仅接受了缅甸的中立外交立场，还向其提供大规模的经济援助。在此过程中，美国不断做出“妥协”与“退让”,在援助谈判中便出现了施援国处于被动地位而受援国占据主动地位的吊诡现象。总的来看，美国寄希望于利用援助影响缅甸的内政外交，而缅甸期望通过“不附加任何政治条件”的外援促进国家经济建设。双方在援助目标上的分歧构成了美国对缅援助的结构性矛盾，也凸显了冷战时期美国对外援助面临的一个重要困境，即美国对外援助并不完全是影响受援国的有力工具，反而会成为受援国试图影响美国外交政策的重要杠杆。     

试析“茉莉花革命”以来美国对突尼斯的援助

2011年初突尼斯发生"茉莉花革命"以来,美国力图通过对外援助支持和巩固突尼斯的国内转型,使突尼斯的转型成为美国在中东"促进民主"、推动政治经济改革的"样板"。在具体实施中,美国对突尼斯的援助呈现出三个特征:援助规模有较大提升;援助以双边账户和多国账户同时进行,其中多国账户的运用对美国迅速增加对突尼斯的援助发挥了重要作用;安全援助在美国对突尼斯的援助中占有很大的份额。究其原因,国会的支持和美国既有的中东援助体系使美国政府2011年以来能够迅速提升对突尼斯的援助规模;突尼斯转型进程面临的严峻安全挑战并未从根本上逆转美国援助突尼斯的积极态度,仅影响了美国援助突尼斯的资金流向,"安全第一"成为美国援助突尼斯的最重要的特征之一。     

外援与发展:以中国的受援经验为例

中国是世界上最大的受援国之一。在二战结束后的60年间,中国接受过来自不同渠道和不同种类的外来援助。流入中国的外援从数额上看远远低于外资,但是其影响力却不亚于外资,其中重要的原因是:外援的活动不限于经济领域,在援助原则和援助方式中凝聚了援助者的国力、社会力和文化力。随着援款流入中国的除了“优惠资本”以外,还有援助者的技术、观念和方法。中国在消化、吸收、借鉴这些技术、观念和方法的同时,进行了大规模的经济建设和制度革新。可见,外援工具的力量超出了传统的外交工具。本文通过对援华的机构及其援助方式的梳理,分析了外援带来的理念、方式和机制的变迁,评价了外援在“中国发展模式”形成过程中的作用,希望有助于解释外援在国际力量之间相互联系、沟通、帮助、影响的渠道及其意义。     

美国社区学院和日本短期大学的比较

美国的社区学院和日本的短期大学都属于地方性短期高等教育结构,在各自国家的经济建设和社会进步中发挥着重要作用。深入研究美国社区学院和日本短期大学的历史和现状,并比较其异同,揭示其发展规律对于改革我国地方短期高等教育具有十分重要的借鉴意义。     

老挝经济发展中的外援

老挝历来重视外援,仰赖外援。1986年实行改革开放政策,更是“特别注意更新与外国的经济关系,争取外部的资金和技术援助”,“高度评价来自国外的援助、合作和投资。”①老挝领导层认为,“老挝是世界上最落后的国家之一,……要进入社会主义,必须有外国的帮助、合作,首先是社会主义兄弟国家的同情、支持、帮助和合作”,视之为     

日本对东南亚国家的ODA政策及其新动向

官方开发援助是一种经济外交的载体,是一种典型的国际经济关系政治化的表现.日本作为一个ODA提供大国,其对东南亚国家的投入占了相当大的一部分.本文通过分析日本对东南亚国家提供官方发展援助的政策形成过程以及最新动向,对其背后所隐藏的新时代日本外交政策的走向进行了论述.     

Locating Kaliningrad And KÖNigsberg In Russian And German Collective Identity Discourses And Political Symbolism In The 750Th Anniversary Celebrations Of 2005

This article begins by briefly exploring issues of conflict and control in relation to the 750th anniversary of the city of Kaliningrad/Königsberg. An analysis of the tensions between Russian regional (Kaliningrad) and national (federal) identity discourses on the political symbolism of the 750th anniversary commemoration is offered, using Russian media reports and interviews conducted in Kaliningrad. German narratives on the political symbolism of the anniversary events and their implications for German national identity discourses are investigated via interviews conducted in Kaliningrad and Germany, German media reports, books, films and a theater production about Königsberg. Particular attention is given to the impact of the German expellee organizations on framing the discourse about Königsberg in contemporary Germany. The article will conclude by comparing and contrasting the various discourses and interpretations of the anniversary in the Kaliningrad region, Russia and Germany.     

CONSTITUTIONAL ISSUES AND THE TREATMENT OF PAKISTAN’S RELIGIOUS MINORITIES

Although Pakistan was created as a homeland for South Asia's Muslims, religious freedom was one of its founding principles. Seventy years later, Pakistan is better known for religious extremism and the persecution of Muslim and non-Muslim religious minorities. Pakistan's blasphemy law is a state-sanctioned tool of religious oppression used to target members of minority faith communities whether Ahmadiya, Christian, Hindu, or Shiite, as well as Sunnis who criticize the law. This paper discusses the blasphemy law and other laws that have led to the state of religious oppression in Pakistan.     

The FBI's Role in Expelling Germans from Ecuador During the 1940s

The expulsion from Latin America of immigrants from axis countries and their descendants is an important but little‐studied episode of the Second World War. The role of the US, and in particular that of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), in their removal has largely disappeared from historical memory. This article examines how the FBI advanced US commercial interests, and in the process harmed vulnerable people who were subject to these expulsions.     

'Adorned with the Mix of Faith and Profanity that Intoxicates the People': The Festival of the Senhor do Bonfim in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, 1930–19541

This essay looks at a formative period in the history of the festival of the Senhor do Bonfim, one of Salvador's most important religious festivals. The essay focuses on the public ritual washing of the Church of Bonfim and the tensions between the Catholic Church, who periodically banned the washing from the larger festival, and a variety of historical actors including politicians, journalists, authors and working-class Salvadorans whose efforts eventually contributed to the lifting of the prohibition once and for all in 1953. The author suggests that the defence of the washing both reflected and contributed to a larger hegemonic process taking place in Salvador after 1930, as actors within Salvador's dominant class accepted and even praised Afro-Bahian cultural practices, including them as integral parts of a larger Bahian identity.     

The Health of the Rurality: The Encuesta de Folklore and Popular Healing Practices in Tucumán, 1921

This article examines healing practices among the rural inhabitants of Tucumán in the opening quarter of the twentieth century through a reading of the 1921 National Folklore Survey. It argues that popular medical practices, referred to as curanderismos (popular healing), continued into the twentieth century not only as cultural practice of the popular classes but as necessity due to limited investments in public health in the rural regions on the part of the national and provincial government.     

'Brazil Needs to Change': Change as Iteration and the Iteration of Change in Brazil's 2002 Presidential Election1

Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva's triumph in Brazil's 2002 presidential election was construed in terms of a promise of radical change against the holders of the status quo . This article argues that in fact a more subtle political game was a stake in the election, a contest over the meaning and limits of change itself. The article examines how the various players – Lula da Silva, outgoing president Fernando Henrique Cardoso and the PSDB's presidential candidate José Serra – invoked and iterated a discourse of change to define and redefine the political dividing lines that marked out the electoral dispute and attempted to set or fix the distinctions between their political positions.