从安全困境到安全共同体:建构主义的解析

新现实主义认为 ,在国际体系的无政府状态下 ,作为个体的国家在结构或整体的层次上无法实现真正的安全 ,国家处在安全困境之中。对现实主义所描述的这一国际政治的基本特征 ,建构主义做了新的解析。它认为安全困境并非国际政治的固有特征 ,而是由行动者建构的。行动者的实践互动造就了不同的规则和无政府状态文化 ,因而行动者之间可能出现安全困境 ,也可以构成安全共同体。     

实力与安全的背离——建构国际安全新秩序的基础、原则和模式

本文通过分析“9·11”恐怖袭击事件之后实力与国家安全之间出现的背离现象 ,揭示了现实主义权力政治理论对于未来国际安全新秩序的解释缺陷 ,并通过探讨“9·11”事件及其后续发展对国际安全的影响 ,重新审视了建构未来国际安全新秩序的基础、原则和模式。笔者提出 ,未来国际体系的基本特征不再是实力的分配 ,而是安全的分配 ;多边协调与单边行动之间的对峙成了决定未来大国关系走向和国际体系发展的主要矛盾 ;强调相互安全成了世界各国在国际安全合作中的主导取向。因此 ,只有以安全分配为基础 ,以多边协调为原则 ,以相互安全为模式 ,世界各国才能建立公正、合理的国际安全新秩序。     

"安全困境"与印度对华战略逻辑

虽然客观的物质要素是造成安全困境的根源,但主观的心理要素对安全困境具有弱化与强化的双重功能,是导致国际关系中安全困境能否超越"自然率"的一个重要因素。物质性要素,特别是军事实力和经济实力所构成的威胁,与非物质要素,特别是意图不确定和认知不对等所塑造的观念共同作用,导致了安全困境的产生,进而影响了不确定性下行为体应对国际环境变化与追求国家利益的对外战略选择。当前,中印共同崛起带来的双方对彼此战略意图的不确定性、认知不对等以及印度单方面敌意身份的建构所形成的安全困境,塑造着印度对华战略逻辑以及对华政策中的"有限合作"与"摇摆"特征。为此,中印关系包括孟中印缅经济走廊建设应适度考虑印度的安全诉求,努力推进贸易与投资合作为主体的双边与区域合作。当区域经济合作的需求达到一定程度,陆地的重要性就会凸显出来,从而使次区域合作中的安全困境得以弱化。     

论俄罗斯在车臣的反恐战略

前苏联解体后,车臣问题成为危及俄罗斯国家安全和国家统一的严重隐患。莫斯科人质事件说明,在“9·11”后恐怖主义已经成为影响国际关系格局的新范式。在世界各国政府联合反恐的国际背景下,车臣民族分离主义和恐怖主义已经成为国际恐怖主义链条上的重要环节。俄车臣反恐战略应定位于瓦解民族分离的思想体系、全方位拓展车臣决策的外交空间以及建构国内反恐机制等三个层面。     

环境问题与美国国家安全战略

本文认为环境安全是美国国家安全的重要组成部分.这是因为环境问题对美国国家安全客观上造成了现实和潜在的威胁性,主观上美国在国家安全战略中已经把环境问题确认为安全问题.美国在防务环境安全的政策和实践方面领先于其他国家,但在国际机制的某些方面过于关注自身的相对收益,阻碍了国际环境合作.     

"安全困境"析论--兼谈"先发制人战略"与进攻性现实主义的关系

"安全困境"概念源自于霍布斯悲观的"自然状态"理念,自其运用于国际政治研究以来,不论防御性现实主义还是新制度自由主义,乃至近年来发展迅速的进攻性现实主义都承认它的真实性.但是,新自由制度主义认为可以通过"囚徒困境"博弈来解决"安全困境",防御性现实主义认为能部分地运用"囚徒困境"博弈来解决"安全困境",而进攻性现实主义则认为不能用"囚徒困境"博弈来解决"安全困境".进攻性现实主义强调在安全困境中国家不可能通过制度和合作,而只能通过主动进攻和扩张权力,乃至通过建立区域霸权来争取本国的安全.但进攻性现实主义却反对布什政府的"先发制人战略",因为该战略以建立世界帝国为目的,从而模糊了国家的安全目标,以致不利于美国在安全困境中谋求真正的安全.     

周边建构与美国盟友的联盟战略——以澳美同盟为例

拜登执政以后，美国加大了对联盟体系的更新与建设，由于实力的相对衰落，美国日益依赖联盟体系推动其全球战略，盟友关于联盟的战略定位以及与联盟的互动正在成为影响美国联盟体系发展变化的重要方面。当前，对于美国联盟体系的研究主要集中于联盟管理、联盟困境与联盟转型三个方面，对于盟友的分析也多采用霸权国视角。文章借鉴国际关系理论中的建构主义思想，结合源自中国的“周边”概念，通过对比陆权、海权等地缘政治概念，阐释了国家以我为主建构周边的过程，论证了周边建构在国家对外战略中的突出作用，初步探索了周边的地缘政治内涵。通过引入实力认知、历史记忆、美国介入以及战略时机四个变量，从中观的地区层次分析了美国盟友的周边安全建构对其联盟战略的影响。文章梳理了澳大利亚周边安全建构的历史，运用以周边为核心的理论框架，探讨了在《澳新美同盟条约》以及“澳英美安全伙伴关系”形成过程中澳大利亚联盟战略的演化机制，一定程度上弥补了当前联盟战略研究中观地区层次的缺失，指出美国盟友的联盟战略主要围绕其对周边的安全建构而形成。     

西方国际关系理论范式下的国家安全研究

自冷战催生了现代安全研究以来,安全研究深受国际关系理论范式辩论的影响.随着国际关系理论范式的转变,国家安全研究经历了从理性主义到建构主义的历程.本文试图对这两种不同视角下的国家安全研究进行描述,并指出建构主义视角转换的进步性意义.     

理性偏好、共同体意象与国际制度性话语权的建构

理性偏好与共同体意象是国际制度性话语权生成的重要变量,其相关研究为理解不同国际制度性话语权背后的文化差异及建构逻辑提供了新的视角。对于世界各国而言,国际制度性话语权的建构,也是其理性偏好与共同体意象不断碰撞、解构与重构的过程。中西方不同的理性偏好对应不同的共同体意象,进而导向不同的国际制度性话语权建构实践。西方个体理性思维建构了国际合作的"功能型共同体"。功能型共同体系个体利益诉求的拼凑与叠加,难以生成持久的互补利益与共同身份,最终形成了当代西方国际制度性话语权的"格劳秀斯困境"。中国关系理性思维则建构了国际合作的"命运共同体"。命运共同体是已形成一定共同体感的新型国际制度安排,重视自我利益与他者利益的互依性与同构性,其进行的"孔子改善"能在很大程度上缓解西方制度性话语权面临的困境。从这个意义上讲,以关系理性调和个体理性,以命运共同体补充功能型共同体,以"孔子改善"开解"格劳秀斯困境",是当代国际制度性话语权走出西方困境、获得真正的全球价值的必由之路。     

转型期俄罗斯的环境安全政策

环境问题在客观上对俄罗斯国家形成了威胁,主观上俄罗斯已经把环境问题确认为安全问题,环境安全已成为俄罗斯国家安全战略的重要组成部分。通过加强环境立法、改革环境管理体制、实施生态鉴定制度等一系列措施,俄罗斯有效地减少了国内环境问题造成的安全威胁;对于外部因素造成的环境威胁,俄罗斯通过国际环境安全机制,积极推动和参与国际环境合作。     

A: Reviews: General

AN INTRODUCTION TO THE HADITH. By John Burton. (Islamic Surveys.) Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, 1994. 210 pp. £39.95 (hb); £16.95 (pb).

POLITICS, GENDER, AND THE ISLAMIC PAST: THE LEGACY OF ‘A'ISHA BINT ABI BAKR. By D. A. Spellberg. New York, Columbia University Press, 1995. 250 pp. $35.00.

MEDIEVAL ISMA'ILI HISTORY AND THOUGHT. Edited by Farhad Daftary. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1996. 331 pp. £40.00

THE THRONE CARRIER OF GOD: THE LIFE AND THOUGHT OF ‘ALA’ AD‐DAWLA AS‐SIMNANI. By Jamal J. Elias. Albany, State University of New York Press, 1995. 260 pp. $16.95

OTTOMAN SEAPOWER AND LEVANTINE DIPLOMACY IN THE AGE OF DISCOVERY. By Palmira Brummett. (SUNY Series in the Social and Economic History of the Middle East.) New York, State University of New York Press, 1994. xvi, 285 pp. 2 maps, 7 plates. $19.95.

HAIFA: TRANSFORMATION OF AN ARAB SOCIETY, 1918–1939. By May Seikaly. London, I. B. Tauris, 1995. 284 pp. £39.50 (hb).

THE FORMATION OF MODERN SYRIA AND IRAQ. By Eliezer Tauber. London, Frank Cass, 1995. 427 pp. £30.00 (hb); £15.00 (pb).

IRAQ: POWER AND SOCIETY. Edited by Derek Hopwood, Habib Ishow and Thomas Koszinowski. (St Antony's Middle East monographs, 29.) Reading, Ithaca Press, 1993. viii, 400 pp. £30.00.

SECRET WAR IN THE MIDDLE EAST: THE COVERT STRUGGLE FOR SYRIA, 1949–61. By Andrew Rathmell. London and New York, I. B. Tauris, 1995. 256 pp. £39.50.

LEBANON: A SHATTERED COUNTRY. By Elizabeth Picard. Translated from the French [Liban: État de discorde] by Franklin Philip. New York and London, Holmes & Meier, 1996. xii, 202 pp. £29.95.

THE ISLAMIST DILEMMA: THE POLITICAL ROLE OF ISLAMIST MOVEMENTS IN THE CONTEMPORARY ARAB WORLD. Edited by Laura Guazzone. Reading, Ithaca Press, 1995. 390 pp. £45.00.

ISLAM AND THE MYTH OF CONFRONTATION: RELIGION AND POLITICS IN THE MIDDLE EAST. By Fred Halliday. London and New York, I. B. Tauris, 1996. 256 pp. £35.00 (hb); £12.95 (pb).

THE MIDDLE EAST IN THE NEW WORLD ORDER. Edited by Haifaa A. Jawad. Basingstoke, St Martins Press/Macmillan, 1994. viii, 154 pp. $35 (hb).

CONFIDENCE BUILDING AND VERIFICATION: PROSPECTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST. Edited by Shai Feldman. (Jaffee Centre for Strategic Studies Study, 25.) Published jointly by the Jerusalem Post and Westview Press, Boulder, 1994. 255 pp. £28.50 (hb).

CHILDREN IN THE MUSLIM MIDDLE EAST. Edited by Elizabeth Warnock Fernea. Austin, University of Texas Press, 1995. xviii, 477 pp., photographs. $22.50 (hb).

THE HISTORY OF THE MAZRU'I DYNASTY OF MOMBASA. By Al‐Amin Bin ‘Ali Al Mazru'i. Translated and annotated by J. McL. Ritchie (Union Académique Interna‐tionale/Fontes Historiae Africanae: Series Arabica XI.) Published for the British Academy by Oxford University Press, 1995. x, 182, 76 pp. £27.50 (hb).

AN INTRODUCTION TO ARAB POETICS. By Adonis. Translated from the Arabic by Catherine Cobham. London, Saqi Books, 1990. 108 pp.

ANTHOLOGY OF MODERN PALESTINIAN LITERATURE. Edited by Salma Khadra Jayyusi. New York, Columbia University Press, 1992. 744 pp. $34.95.

THE EYE OF THE MIRROR. By Liana Badr. Translated by Samira Kawar. (Arab Women Writers.) Reading, Garnet Publishing, 1995. 264 pp. £8.95 (pb).

THE GOLDEN CHARIOT. By Salwa Bakr. Translated by Dinah Manisty. (Arab Women Writers.) Reading, Garnet Publishing, 1995. 193 pp. £ 8.95 (pb).

THE STONE OF LAUGHTER. By Hoda Barakat. Translated by Sophie Bennett. (Arab Women Writers.) Reading, Garnet Publishing, 1995. 231 pp. £ 8.95 (pb).

AL‐KITAAB FII TA'ALLUM AL‐'ARABIYYA (A TEXTBOOK FOR BEGINNING ARABIC). By Kristen Brustad, Mahmoud Al‐Batal and Abbas Al‐Tonsi. Washington, DC, Georgetown University Press, 1995. Introduction 224 pp., textbook 480 pp., videotapes, cassettes.

DAS MUTAFI‐LAZISCHE. Edited by Silvia Kutscher, Johanna Mattissen and Anke Wodarg. (Arbeitspapier, Nr. 24, Neue Folge.) Köln, Institut für Sprachwissenschaft Universität zu Köln, 1995. 136 pp.

GRAMATIKA JEZYKA KRYMSKOTATARSKIEGO. By Henryk Jankowski. (Seria Jezykoznawstwo, Nr. 15.) Poznań, Uniwersytet Im. Adama Mickiewicza, 1992. xviii, 455 pp.

CULINARY CULTURES OF THE MIDDLE EAST. Edited by Richard Tapper and Sami Zubaida. London, New York, I. B. Tauris, 1994. 302 pp. £34.50 (hb).     

A: reviews: general

BETWEEN MARRIAGE AND THE MARKET: INTIMATE POLITICS AND SURVIVAL IN CAIRO. By Homa Hoodfar. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, University of California Press, 1997. xviii, 302 pp.

THE COURT OF THE IL‐KHANS 1290–1340. Edited by J. Raby and T. Fitzherbert. Oxford Studies in Islamic Art (XII), Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1996. 218 pp., 84 black and white illustrations, ISBN 0–19–728022–6. £35 (hb)

COMMODITY AND EXCHANGE IN THE MONGOL EMPIRE: A CULTURAL HISTORY OF ISLAMIC TEXTILES. By Thomas T. Allsen. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1997. 137 pp. ISBN 0521–58301–2, £30.00 (US$49.95).

LAWRENCE OF ARABIA AND AMERICAN CULTURE: THE MAKING OF A TRANSATLANTIC LEGEND. By JOEL C. HODSON. Contributions to the Study of Popular Culture, No. 47. Westport, Connecticut, Greenwood Publishing, 1995. xiii + 183 pp., Index, $45.00.

THE CAMBRIDGE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF THE ISLAMIC WORLD. Edited by Francis Robinson. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1996. xxiii, 328 pp., maps, illustrations, £24.95.

THE HOLY WAR IDEA IN WESTERN AND ISLAMIC TRADITIONS. By James Turner Johnson. Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997. 185 pp.

MUSLIMS AND CHRISTIANS FACE‐TO‐FACE. By Kate Zebiri. Oxford, Oneworld, 1997. 258 pp., £14.99.

JINNAH, PAKISTAN AND ISLAMIC IDENTITY: THE SEARCH FOR SALADIN. By Akbar S. Ahmed. London and New York, Routledge, 1997. 274 pp., 18 plates, 4 maps, £45.00 (hb) £12.99 (pb).

YEZIDISM — ITS BACKGROUND, OBSERVANCES AND TEXTUAL TRADITION. By Philip G. Kreyenbroek. (Texts and Studies in Religion, Vol. 62). Lewiston, New York, Edwin Mellen Press, 1995. 349 pp.

GENDERING THE MIDDLE EAST: EMERGING PERSPECTIVES. Edited by Deniz Kandiyoti New York, Syracuse University Press, 1996. 177 pp.

DORIA SHAFIK, EGYPTIAN FEMINIST: A WOMAN APART. By Cynthia Nelson. Gainesville, University Press of Florida, 1996. xxvi + 322 pp., illustrations, $49.95.

THE MOBILIZATION OF MUSLIM WOMEN IN EGYPT. By Ghada Hashem Talhami. Gainesville, University Press of Florida, 1996. 192 pp., £36.00.

KNOWLEDGE AND SOCIAL PRACTICE IN MEDIEVAL DAMASCUS, 1190–1350. By Michael Chamberlain. (Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization) Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1994. xii + 199 pp., maps.

EGYPTIENS ET FRANÇAIS AU CAIRE 1798–1801. By André Raymond. Cairo, Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale, Bibliothèque Générate, 18, 1998. 391 pp.

THE STRUCTURE OF CENTRAL AUTHORITY IN QAJAR IRAN: 1871–1896. By A. Reza Sheikholeslami. Atlanta, Georgia, Scholars Press, 1997. 246 pp.

BALAT: ETUDE ETHNOLOGIQUE D'UNE COMMUNAUTE RURALE. By Jacques Hivernel, Cairo, Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale du Caire, 1996. 204 pp. bibliography, illustrations, maps and pictures.

A BLOOD‐DIMMED TIDE. DISPATCHES FROM THE MIDDLE EAST. By Amos Elon New York, Columbia University Press, 1997. 332 pp., Index £19.95 ($29.00).

RELIGIOUS RADICALISM IN THE GREATER MIDDLE EAST. Bruce Maddy‐Weitzman and Efraim Inbar (eds). Ilford, Essex, Frank Cass, 1997. 264 pp., ISBN 0–7146–4769–1 (hb), 0–7146–4326–2 (pb).

THE SCROLL OR THE SWORD? DILEMMAS OF RELIGION AND MILITARY SERVICE IN ISRAEL. By Stuart A. Cohen. Amsterdam, Harwood Academic Publishers, 1997. xx + 148 pp.

ISLAM IN A CHANGING WORLD: EUROPE AND THE MIDDLE EAST. Edited by A. Jerichow and J. Bæk Simonsen. Richmond, Surrey, Curzon Press, 1997. 190 pp.

ISLAMISCHE WIRTSCHAFTS‐UND WOHLFAHRTSEINRICHTUNGEN IN ÄGYPTEN ZWISCHEN MARKT UND MORAL. By Steffen Wippel. (Studien zur Volkswirtschaft des Vorderen Orients. Bd. 9). Münister, LIT Verlag, 1997. xlii + 391 pp., 88.80 DM.

ARAB AWAKENING AND ISLAMIC REVIVAL: THE POLITICS OF IDEAS IN THE MIDDLE EAST. By Martin Kramer. New Brunswick, Transaction Publishers, 1996. 286 pp., index.

ISRAEL AND THE WESTERN POWERS: 1952–1960. By Zach Levey North Carolina, University of North Carolina Press, 1997. 203 pp., $39.95.

BUILDING A PALESTINIAN STATE: THE INCOMPLETE REVOLUTION. By Glenn E. Robinson. Bloomington, Indiana, Indiana University Press, 1997. 228 pp., £12.50.

MANDATE DAYS: BRITISH LIVES IN PALESTINE 1918–1948. By A. J. Sherman. London, Thames and Hudson, 1997. 245 pp., 61 illustrations, short who was who, £16.95.

THE DECLINE OF THE ARAB‐ISRAELI CONFLICT: MIDDLE EAST POLITICS AND THE QUEST FOR REGIONAL ORDER By Avraham Sela. New York, SUNY Press, 1998. xv + 423 pp.

MAKING PEACE WITH THE PLO: THE RABIN GOVERNMENT'S ROAD TO THE OSLO ACCORD. By David Makovsky. Boulder, Colorado, Westview Press, 1996. 239 pp.

ISRAEL ON THE ROAD TO PEACE: ACCEPTING THE UNACCEPTABLE By Ziva Flamhaft. Boulder, Colorado, Westview Press, 1996. 252 pp.

REMAKING THE MIDDLE EAST. Edited by Paul J. White and William S. Logan. Oxford and New York, Berg, 1997. 340 pp.

THE COLD WAR AND THE MIDDLE EAST. Edited by Yezid Sayigh and Avi Shlaim. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1997. 303 pp., map.

US‐ISRAELI RELATIONS AT THE CROSSROADS. Edited by Gabriel Sheffer. London, Frank Cass, 1997. 242 pp., £32.50.

LIBYA: THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF OIL. By Judith Gurney. Oxford, Oxford University Press (For Oxford Institute for Energy Studies), 1996. 244 pp., £29.50 (hb).

NOTES FROM THE MINEFIELD. UNITED STATES INTERVENTION IN LEBANON AND THE MIDDLE EAST, 1945–1958. By Irene L. Gendzier. New York, Columbia University Press, 1997. 300 pp., maps, illustrations, £32.00.

IRAN‐SAUDI ARABIA RELATIONS AND REGIONAL ORDER. By Shahram Chu‐bin and Charles Tripp. London, IISS/Oxford University Press, 1996. 88 pp., £13.99.

THE UNITED STATES AND IRAN: IN THE SHADOW OF MUSADDIQ. By James Goode. London, Macmillan, 1997. ISBN 0–333–67831–1.

DIR IRANISCHE SCHIA UND DIE ISLAMISCHE EINHEIT 1979–1996. By Wilfried Buchta. Hamburg, Deutsches Orient‐Institut, 1997. 427 pp.

THE MAKING OF IRAQ 1900–1963: CAPITAL, POWER AND IDEOLOGY. By Samira Haj. SUNY Press, 1997. viii + 150 pp.

THE AGONY OF ALGERIA. By Martin Stone. London, Hurst, 274 pp., £14.95 (pb).

FROM TRUCIAL STATES TO UNITED ARAB EMIRATES. NEW EDITION By Frauke Heard‐Bey. London, Longman, 1996. xxvi + 540 pp.

ARABIAN DIVERSIONS: STUDIES ON THE DIALECTS OF ARABIA. By Bruce Ingham. Reading, Ithaca Press, 1997. xv + 193 pp. £35.

THE VERB IN LITERARY AND COLLOQUIAL ARABIC. By Martine Cuvalay‐Haak. Berlin and New York, Mouton de Gruyter, 1997. xx + 278 pp., DM 158.

LITERARY CRITICISM IN MEDIEVAL ARABIC‐ISLAMIC CULTURE. THE MAKING OF A TRADITION. By Wen‐Chin Ouyang. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, 1997. viii + 257 pp.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ARABIC LITERATURE. Edited by Julie Scott Meisami and Paul Starkey. London and New York, Routledge, 1998. Two volumes, 857 pp., ISBN 0–415–06808–8 (set).

IBN ‘AQIL: RELIGION AND CULTURE IN CLASSICAL ISLAM. By George Maqdisi. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, 1997. 292 pp., £50

THE SIRDAR: SIR REGINALD WINGATE AND THE BRITISH EMPIRE IN THE MIDDLE EAST. By M. W. Daly. American Philosophical Society, 1997 xvii + 345 pp.

ISLAM: A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION. By Malise Ruthven. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1997. 162 pp., 14 illustrations, 3 maps, £5.00.

THE QURAN: A NEW INTERPRETATION — TEXTUAL EXEGESIS. Muhammad Baqir Behbudi translated by Colin Turner. Richards Curzon Press, 1997. 720 pp.

THE FORMATION OF THE SUNNI SCHOOLS OF LAW, 9–10TH CENTURIES CE. By Christopher Melchert. (Studies in Islamic Law and Society, No. 4). Leiden, E.J. Brill, 1997. 244 pp.

HISTORY OF ISLAMIC PHILOSOPHY. Edited by Seyyed Hossein Nasr and Oliver Leaman. London, Routledge, 1996. 1211 pp.

THE SELF‐DISCLOSURE OF GOD: PRINCIPLES OF IBN AL‐'ARABI'S COSMOLOGY. By William C. Chittick (SUNY Series in Islam). Albany, New York: State University of New York Press, 1998. XL + 483 pp., $24.95 (pb).

‘AZIZ NASAFI. By Lloyd Ridgeon. (Curzon Sufi Series.) Richmond, Curzon Press, 1998. xiv + 234 pp., £35 (hb), £14.99 (pb).