植物孢粉的提取和检验方法研究

目的 研究植物孢粉的提取和检验方法.方法 用导电胶粘取衣物中孢粉及用有机溶液和稀酸溶液浸泡分离的土壤中孢粉,采用扫描电镜研究孢粉的显微形貌.结果 根据孢粉的形状、粒径大小、表面纹饰、外壁图案等形貌特征能鉴别不同种类的植物孢粉,且根据土壤中所含孢粉种类区分福州市5类山地土(于山土、屏山土、森林公园土、乌山土和鼓山土).结论 该方法准确可靠、简单易行,具有良好的重现性,能有效地提取和检验植物孢粉及区分土壤.     

法医孢粉学研究进展及其在法庭科学中的应用

法医孢粉学是将孢粉学应用于法庭科学领域,通过检验花粉和孢子的方法解决民事和刑事等相关司法实践问题。孢粉具有体积小、分布广、形态多样、易转移、持久性等特点,而且不易被察觉,可以作为很好的痕量证据为案件侦破提供有力的调查和关联证据。孢粉学在法庭科学中的应用已取得了一定成果,但在大多数国家,法医孢粉学还未得到充分利用。本文从孢粉的生物学特性出发,结合近年来在法庭科学领域的成功案例,分析孢粉所提供的证据价值、孢粉样本的收集与检测技术的进步以及所面临的挑战,综合探讨法医孢粉学的研究进展及其在法庭科学中的应用前景。     

孢粉学在法医学中的应用

孢粉学是研究植物孢子和花粉(简称孢粉)的科学,是一门新兴的边缘学科。由于孢粉具有个体小、质量轻、数量多,不容易被发现等特征,给法医工作者留下证据,为破案提供有利线索,因此孢粉学在法医学实践应用中具有良好的应用前景。此文通过阐述孢粉学的概况、分类、形态特征及传播的规律,分析孢粉学在法医学上应用的优点和局限性,旨在为进一步完善孢粉学在法医学中的应用提供参考。     

论行政诉讼受案范围的界定

行政诉讼受案范围问题是我国行政诉讼理论中较为薄弱的一环。自1982年创建行政诉讼制度以来 ,我国行政诉讼受案范围几经调整 ,在总体上呈现出逐步扩大的态势。但是 ,在行政诉讼受案范围的立法体例、可诉行政行为的范围、行政诉讼的权利保护范围、行政诉讼的审查范围等四个方面依然存有缺陷 ,致使行政诉讼受案范围受到了诸多不适当的限制 ,司法权对行政权的制约和行政管理相对人合法权益的保护均显不足。因此 ,必须针对上述四个方面的缺陷 ,适度拓宽行政诉讼受案范围。     

我国行政诉讼受案范围应予扩大

行政诉讼法实施以来,在保护公民、法人或其他组织的合法权益,监督行政机关依法行政等方面发挥了重要的作用。但是,不可否认,由于包括行政诉讼受案范围在内等方面的规定有诸多不尽周全之处,致使行政诉讼在监督行政机关依法行政方面没有充分发挥作用。本文的目的就在于探讨我国行政诉讼受案范围的扩大,以就教于专家学者。一、摒弃内涵不清的一些抽象概念,明确行政诉讼的受案范围。研究行政诉讼法规定的受案范围,不难发现立法时主要考虑了三个方面的因素。第一,引起争议行为的性质,这其中又包括三个方面：首先,是具体行政行为还是抽…     

试论行政诉讼受案制度的改革

行政诉讼受案范围是我国行政诉讼法中的一个热点问题,自创建行政诉讼制度以来,我国行政诉讼受案范围几经调整,在总体上呈现出逐步扩大的态势。但是,在行政诉讼受案范围的立法体制,可诉行政行为的范围,以及双方行政关系中行政合同可诉性问题等几个方面依然存有缺陷,致使行政诉讼受案范围受到了诸多不适当的限制。这些规定既限制了行政相对人的诉权,也严重阻碍了我国行政诉讼和行政审判的发展,因此,必须针对上述几方面的缺陷,适度拓展行政诉讼受案范围。     

论行政给付的范围

行政给付的范围是研究行政给付的前提和重要方面，我国学界目前对于行政给付的研究还停留在一个非常有限的范围内，因此行政给付到底包括哪些内容，行政给付的范围在哪里，这个问题没有结合我国实际弄清楚。本丈通过分析认为行政给付的范围主要包括：基础保障给付、服务主张给付和公平发展给付三个方面，以期厘清行政给付的范围。     

劳动教养制度及其改革

劳动教养制度在其性质、适用对象与范围、审批与管理等方面经历了一个发展变化的过程 ;目前劳动教养制度存在较为严重的问题 ,不利于保障人权 ;应当将劳动教养制度改革为带有保安处分性质的治安处分 ,并相应完善其适用对象与范围、期限、管理与救济等方面的规定。     

我国基因专利保护范围界定的思考

基因专利保护范围边界的确定是当前生物科技专利领域中争论的焦点之一。专利保护范围决定着专利垄断权的实际价值，基因专利保护范围直接影响着生物技术产业的发展。主要梳理美国、德国、瑞士和日本在基因专利保护范围上的发展变迁趋势，同时初步探讨对我国基因专利保护范围界定方面给予的启示。     

海峡两岸商标保护差异及其对台商投资的影响

本文分析了海峡两岸在商标审批制度、商标权保护范围、商标纠纷处理等方面的差异,从而提出了台商投资在商标保护方面应注意的几个事项。     

Towards a "crime pollen calendar" - pollen analysis on corpses throughout one year

A palynological study was carried out on 28 corpses brought in one year (June 2003-May 2004) to the morgue of the Institute of Legal Medicine of Parma (Northern Italy). This preliminary research focuses on the date of death, which was known for all corpses examined. Pollen sampling and analyses were made with the first aim of comparing the pollen grains found on corpses with those diffused in the atmosphere in the region in the same season as the known date of death. Eyebrows, hair-line near the forehead, facial skin and nasal cavities were sampled. Most of the corpses had trapped pollen grains, with the exception of two December corpses. All pollen grains were found with cytoplasm and in a good state of preservation. In this way, a series of reference data was collected for the area where the deaths occurred, and we examined whether pollen grains on corpses could be an index of the season of death. To verify this hypothesis, the pollen analyses were compared with data reported in the airborne pollen calendars of Parma and the region around. Pollen calendars record pollen types and their concentrations in the air, month by month. The quantity of pollen recorded on corpses did not prove to be directly related to the quantity of pollen in the air. But qualitatively, many pollen types which are seasonal markers were found on corpses. Main corpse/air discrepancies were also observed due to the great influence that the local environmental conditions of the death scene have in determining the pollen trapped by a corpse. Qualitative plus quantitative pollen data from corpses appeared helpful in indicating the season of death. A preliminary sketch of a "crime pollen calendar" in a synthetic graphic form was made by grouping the corpse pollen records into three main seasons: A, winter/spring; B, spring/summer; C, summer/autumn. Trends match the general seasonal trend of pollen types in the air.     

Pollen on grass clippings: putting the suspect at the scene of the crime.

In a case of alleged sexual assault, the pollen content of samples of grass clippings and soil from the suspect's clothing and shoes was compared to that of a sample of grass clippings from the alleged crime scene (a grassy area) to determine whether or not the suspect had been at the scene. The clothing and shoe samples showed a very strong correlation with each other and with the sample from the alleged crime scene in the combination of the different types of pollen present, very strongly supporting the contention that the suspect had been at the scene.     

Palynological Investigation of Mummified Human Remains

Pollen analysis was applied to a mummified homicide victim in Nebraska, U.S.A., to determine the location of death. A control sample showed the normal ambient pollen in the garage crime scene. Ambient windborne types, common in the air of the region, dominated the control. Internal samples were analyzed from the sacrum, intestine, and diaphragm. Microfossils were recovered from the rehydrated intestine lumen. The intestinal sample was dominated by Brassica (broccoli). The sacrum sample was high in dietary types but with a showing of ambient types. The pollen from the diaphragm was dominated by ambient pollen similar to the control samples. The discovery of diverse pollen spectra from within a single mummy was unexpected. They show that ingested and inhaled pollen mixed in the corpse. The data linked the decedent to a specific crime scene in her Nebraska home in the southern tier of eastern counties on the border with Kansas.     

Forensic palynology: current status of a rarely used technique in the United States of America

The United States of America would seem to be an excellent location for using pollen data in forensic applications. The vegetation within the region is highly diverse ranging from areas of Arctic tundra to some of the most inhospitable deserts anywhere in the Western Hemisphere. The highly varied ecology, great plant diversity, thousands of vegetational microhabitats, and extensive published pollen records for the region provide an ideal setting for these types of analyses. This diversity, often characterized in most locations by unique combinations of pollen types, makes the use of forensic pollen a reliable technique that can often be used to associate individuals with a unique crime scene or geographical region. Nevertheless, forensic pollen studies in the United States of America are currently one of the most highly under utilized techniques available to assist in solving criminal and civil cases. During the past century there has been a very limited attempt to use pollen evidence in either criminal or civil cases, for a variety of reasons, including a lack of available information about the technique, a very limited number of specialists trained to do forensic pollen work, and an almost total absence of academic centers able to train needed specialists or forensic facilities able, or willing, to fund research in this area. Hopefully, this paucity of use will change if certain steps are taken to encourage the routine collection and use of pollen evidence in both criminal and civil cases.     

Identifying the scene of a crime through pollen analysis

The forensic analysis of pollen involves the comparison of crime scene and reference pollen samples. Successful matches are frequently used to solve time- or location-related crimes. Despite its prospects in criminal investigation, forensic palynology is still underused in casework due to inherent shortcomings such as its limited evidential weighting, scarcity of skilled palynologists dedicated to forensic casework and the laborious nature of analytical procedures. To address these challenges, the current state-of-the-art in forensic palynology is transiting from the traditional light microscopic methods that dominated the early days of palynology to more contemporary approaches like Raman spectroscopy, stable isotope analysis and DNA metabarcoding. The major challenges of these methods, however, include a lack of optimisation to forensic expectations and the unavailability of robust databases to permit accurate data interpretation, and quests to resolve these problems constitute the theme of current research. While reiterating the usefulness of pollen analysis in criminal investigation, this report recommends orthogonal testing as a way of improving the evidential weighting of forensic palynology.     

PATTERNS OF FORGETTING AND TELESCOPING: An Analysis of LEAA Survey Victimization Data

The research reported in this article sought to estimate the feasibility of measuring patterns of forgetting and forward telescoping in victimization survey data. It was suggested that if these two sources of memory bias could be accurately and reliably measured, victimization survey data could be adjusted to produce improved estimates of both the amount of crime and of changes in the crime rate over time. Examination of the data suggests that the likelihood of developing a general model for correcting mnemonic biases is very low. ll?is conclusion follows from: (I) evidence indicating differential victimization survey recall across reported and unreported crime events; (2) the apparent dissimilarities of telescoping/forgetting patterns across samples and seasons; and (3) the lack of a stable comparison estimate of the “true” distribution of incidents with which to calibrate a correction model.     

An unusual appearance of a common pollen type indicates the scene of the crime

Forensic palynology is a useful source of evidence in cases of violence committed in the open. A young girl was grabbed off the street, threatened and brutally raped. During the investigation the exact place of the rape became an issue. Growing around the scene identified by the victim were shrubs identified as Coprosma, a common New Zealand plant and one that produces abundant, easily wind-dispersed pollen. Abundant Coprosma pollen was found at the scene. The pollen were unusual in that the site was very damp, encouraging fungal growth, and fungal hyphae had penetrated the pores of many of the tricolporate pollen grains. Some grains had fungal spores inside. Coprosma pollen identical in preservational characteristics and morphology to those from the scene and containing fungal hyphae and spores were found in considerable numbers on the victim's clothes. This and rare Coprosma pollen grains and fungal remains recovered from vaginal swabs provided evidence that she had been at the scene where she claimed to have been raped. The diversity of pollen types recovered from the clothing in this case provides further evidence of the usefulness of clothing in picking up and retaining pollen from crime scenes and that obvious staining on clothes is not a pre-requisite for good pollen recovery. It also demonstrates the importance of collecting samples from different parts of the same garment in order to get a full picture of events since different parts of a garment can come into contact with different plants or different parts of the ground in a scuffle. It is also demonstrated that significant evidential material can be collected from the body, in this case from vaginal swabs from the victim. Forensic palynology should be considered in every case of violent assault, especially, but not exclusively, when having occurred in an open area subject to extensive pollen settlement.     

论对向犯的定罪处刑

行为人之间存在相互对向关系的犯罪,刑法理论都应称之为对向犯.刑法对存在相互对向关系的犯罪的规定有一定的规律,可分为同罪同刑、同罪异刑、异罪同刑、异罪异刑和只规定处罚一方行为.不同类型的对向犯的定罪处刑原则不一.在法律规定只处罚一方的对向犯中,对法律不处罚的一方的行为不能根据刑法总则关于共同犯罪的规定作共犯定罪处刑.     

背信犯罪解释论及立法论探讨

背信罪是伴随资本主义市场经济的发展和社会化的高度分工而出现的罪名。我国《刑法》分则中存在众多而零散的背信犯罪条文,但条文设计却具有相当的随意性,而且偏向于对国有公司、企业的特殊保护。我国已经进入市场经济时代,为有效保护法益,增设背信罪势在必行。通过条文的合理设计,完全可以避免背信罪成为新的口袋罪而侵犯人权。在增设背信罪之前,我们应当充分运用竞合论原理,将背信犯罪行为作为侵占罪、职务侵占罪、诈骗罪、故意毁坏财物罪等相应犯罪处理。评价背信行为造成的财产损害,应采取经济的财产说,原则上不处罚背信犯罪行为的片面对向犯。     

刑事违法性判断前提条件：空白罪状的现状与反思

空白罪状是成文法系国家突破以往在刑法中只规定自然犯的传统,越来越多地规定法定犯的必然结果。作为刑事违法判断前提条件,空白罪状对罪与非罪的界定具有重要的作用。我国新刑法创空白罪状历史最高,然其空白规范位阶相差悬殊,因此有必要从罪刑法定角度关注空白罪状及其规范的位阶问题,以增强空白罪状作为“违法性判断的前提条件”的规范性和统一性。