贫困大学生心理危机问题浅议

当前,高校贫困大学生心理问题已越来越多地为社会和高校所关注。相当多的贫困生存在着自卑、孤僻、焦虑等心理,容易产生心理危机,做出极端行为。因此,建立心理危机应对机制是帮困助学工作的重要方面,运作心理危机应对机制是帮困助学工作顺利开展的基本前提。学生工作部门应开展详尽、系统、长效的工作,杜绝贫困大学生心理危机的发生。     

大学生心理危机的预防和干预

当前大学生心理危机问题引起了社会的高度重视，如何建立一套切实有效的预防和干预机制成为各个高校面临的难题。本文对大学生心理危机的主要诱因、预防及干预进行了研究，旨在为高校心理危机防预工作提供借鉴。     

提高部队院校学员应对突发性公共危机的心理素质之探析

在部队院校这个特殊的社会群体中，学员的政治觉悟、道德水准、纪律观念和应对突发性公共危机的能力均明显高于地方高校学生。然而，受年龄因素及社会经历所限，应对突发性公共危机的思想意识和心理负荷还不能适应军人职业的需要。本文通过对部队院校学员的危机意识、心理承受能力和心理应对方式等方面的调查，对部队院校的教育方式、社会环境及个体心理等方面进行了比较系统地剖析，并针对突发性公共危机发生的前后，运用社会学和心理学的基本理论，提出了应对突发性冷共危机的思想教育和心理疏导措施，以期达到具有实践指导意义的理论价值。     

公共危机中的公众认知心理研究

随着人类社会的高速发展,公共危机管理已被作为具有重大挑战性的课题严肃地摆在了公众和政府面前,成为了各国政府面临的一项战略性任务。本文从公共危机中公众认知心理偏差的成因和特征入手,探讨了公共危机中的公众认知心理调控在我国的发展方向。     

心理健康视角下大学生心理危机后干预机制建构——基于42所世界一流大学建设高校的实证分析

大学生心理危机后干预机制是心理健康的重要部分，是构建大学生心理危机干预长效机制不可或缺的组成环节。通过对42所世界一流大学建设高校的实证调研，发现目前我国高校大学生心理危机干预的关注重点集中在预防、预警和应急处置等方面，后干预机制的设置率只有14.3%。已设置的后干预机制中也普遍存在具体操作、覆盖对象、主动性激发等方面的问题。完善和建构大学生心理危机后干预机制，要树立基于心理健康认知的危机后干预理念，以之为基础构建危机后干预的评估、跟踪反馈、社会支持系统及周围相关学生干预等立体配套的全方位矫治与支持机制。     

人口老龄化背景下我国养老保障制度的完善

我国人口老年化逐年增加。在我国目前现收现付的养老保障制度下，个人账户中存在巨大的“空账”，社会统筹基金严重不足，导致养老基金不充足。当前的养老保障制度亟待改革。建立合理的养老保障体制可以为潜在的老龄化危机提供一种防范机制，最大限度地减轻社会养老负担，实现经济和社会的可持续增长。     

心理危机干预方案制订范例分析——基于我院“10·16”事件的心理危机干预

心理危机干预是借用有效的心理辅导手段,帮助当事人处理迫在眉睫的心理困惑问题、恢复心理平衡和安全度过心理危机期的活动。笔者所在院心理健康教育中心针对不久前发生的学生意外伤亡事件,迅速作出心理危机干预方案,进行系列的干预活动,最终成功地为在此次事件中的学生化解了心理危机。     

基于折衷模式下的大学生心理危机干预策略

大学生心理危机干预是高校心理健康教育工作的重点.从国内外大学生心理危机干预模式出发,指出现有的干预模式存在的不足,并针对当前高校学生心理危机的不同形式,以及心理危机干预工作中呈现的理论困惑和操作困难,基于折衷模式下的高校学生心理危机干预策略主要从如下几个方面着手:一是建立心理危机信息反馈系统;二是构建大学生心理危机预防体系;三是改善大学生的社会心理环境;四是引导和教育大学生进行自我心理调节;五是加大和优化心理危机干预队伍和机构建设;六是推进干预交流合作和网络化进程.     

危机干预模式在未成年缓刑人员矫正工作中的应用

未成年缓刑人员是社区矫正对象中的一个特殊群体。由于其心理、生理尚未成熟，因此羁押及刑事审判的过程会对其带来极大的冲击。被判处刑罚，埘未成年缓刑人员而言是一个严重的突发事件，对其本人及其家人都会造成巨大的压力，容易导致未成年缓刑人员存认知和情感上出现功能失调而无法应对种种闲难，从而可能出现离家出走、重新犯罪等行为。因此，如何存未成年缓刑人员的矫正工作中应用危机干预模式进行介入，使其取得心理平衡，对于促使其顺利回归社会、预防重新犯罪具有重要意义。     

危机事件中民警替代性心理创伤预防与干预

为提高警队战斗力,预防和降低危机事件对民警造成替代性心理创伤,从分析替代性心理创伤及其机制与评估入手,探讨危机事件中民警替代性心理创伤及其危害,从个人、家庭、社区及社会多个层面,采取综合性的预防措施,防范于未然,并针对性地采用系统、科学的心理干预策略与措施,包括构建心理干预机制、规范心理干预流程、采取科学的心理干预方法,在提高民警心理素质,构建和谐警营和促进警队人文关怀等方面具有重要价值。     

一种利用红外对射光电感烟探测器测量烟气层界面高度的思路

烟气层界面高度是火灾试验中一个重要的测量参数,在大型现场火灾试验中,传统的温度判别法具有很大的局限性和缺点;本论文提出了一种采用红外对射光强衰减的方法来确定烟气层界面的高度,为大型现场火灾试验中的烟气层高度测量提供了一种更好的选择。     

大型公用建筑火灾时人员应急疏散评价模型研究

应急疏散措施的优劣是评价大型公用建筑安全水平高低的重要标准之一。本文通过分析影响大型公用建筑应急疏散措施有效性的主要因素,参照相关法规及大型公用建筑应急疏散时各指标因素的层次,建立了大型公用建筑应急疏散评价模型。将该模型应用到某高校图书馆的应急疏散评价过程中,验证了模型的准确性,为建筑物火灾人员应急安全疏散提供了切实可行的参考依据。     

Preparation of pyrolysis reference samples: evaluation of a standard method using a tube furnace

A new, simple method for the reproducible creation of pyrolysis products from different materials that may be found at a fire scene is described. A temperature programmable steady-state tube furnace was used to generate pyrolysis products from different substrates, including softwoods, paper, vinyl sheet flooring, and carpet. The temperature profile of the tube furnace was characterized, and the suitability of the method to reproducibly create pyrolysates similar to those found in real fire debris was assessed. The use of this method to create proficiency tests to realistically test an examiner's ability to interpret complex gas chromatograph-mass spectrometric fire debris data, and to create a library of pyrolsates generated from materials commonly found at a fire scene, is demonstrated.     

火铳的司法检验与鉴定

为了解决在司法实践中对“火铳”的认识,以便时案件的公正办理,通过对“火铳”的检验研究,阐述了“火铳”是枪还是炮、火铳的内部构造与发射机理,及“内弹道理论计算法”的致伤力检验与鉴定的技术方法对“火铳”的检验和鉴定：客观、科学地表述了对“火铳”的检验鉴定结果,从而为打击持“火铳”犯罪的行为找到了科学依据,进一步维护了社会治安秩序。同样也为法庭提供了科学证据,维护了社会的和谐、稳定与公正。     

Sustained Combustion of Bodies: Some Observations*

Abstract: Previous tests have explored the fire effects and fuel characteristics of animal carcasses in intense fires of relatively short duration. Here, test fires were conducted involving intact human cadavers and torsos that included nonaccelerated, long‐duration fires involving the bedding and clothing (in the manner of typical accidental deaths). The objective was to observe the fire conditions (size, radiant heat flux, and duration), where a human body represented the major fuel package in a nonaccelerated fire. The pattern of damage to the body was documented and compared with that resulting from a furnished room fire. Two intact, unembalmed human cadavers were exposed to fires of simulated accidental origin. The bedding was ignited by an open flame, and the fires were allowed to burn unaided to self‐extinguishment. It was found that normal human bodies can support a modest‐sized fire for some 6–7 h under these conditions. The presence of a substrate material that can act as a wick for the combustion of the rendered body fat results in extensive destruction of the torso where the greatest amount of subcutaneous fat resides, with less damage to the head and limbs. A third (partial) cadaver was exposed to a recreation of a typical accidental fire in a furnished room that progressed to full room involvement. This fire of some 15 min of total duration inflected only surface‐layer damage to the torso of the victim.     

Sustained combustion of an animal carcass and its implications for the consumption of human bodies in fires

When a human body is found with significant portions of its torso and limbs destroyed yet with comparatively minor damage to head, hands and feet, the mechanism of such destruction defies ready explanation, since exposure to external fires, particularly those involving flammable liquids, usually results in the destruction of hands, feet, limbs, and head prior to significant combustion of the large mass of the torso. Previous tests by these authors have demonstrated the conditions necessary to promote combustion of a body: the presence of adequate body fat, presence of a porous, rigid char to act as a wick, and an external flame source sustained for several minutes to char the body and cause the subcutaneous fat to begin rendering. In the test reported here, a freshly-slaughtered pig carcass with a net weight of 215 lb. (95 kg) was wrapped in a cotton blanket and placed on a carpet-covered plywood panel. The fire was initiated using 1 L of gasoline poured on the shoulder area of the blanket-wrapped carcass. The gasoline burned off within 4 min, having ignited a large area of the blanket and adjoining carpet. Flames from those fuel packages resulted in the establishment of a steady-state fire sustained by the rendering of the body fat, with the necessary wick provided by the charred cotton blanket and carpet. The heat release rate of this fire was 60+/-10 kW, with flames less than 12 in. (0.35 m) high for its duration. The fire sustained itself by the rendering process for more than 6 1/2 h from ignition, at which time it was extinguished. An average mass loss rate of 1.5 g/s (5.3 kg/h) was observed during the self-sustained fire. Extensive destruction of the carcass (more than 60% by weight) included reduction of large bones to a fragile, ashen state. Other test data will demonstrate the similarity between subcutaneous fat from human and porcine sources. The implications for the reconstruction of accidental and homicidal fires involving such destruction will be discussed.     

注册防火工程师执业与管理的构想与展望

文章假设我国已建立注册防火工程师制度,那么消防机构将已进行性能化建筑防火设计与评估的工程实行备案制度,不进行具体的建筑防火审查。注册防火工程师执业的机构形式有两种:大型设计院、研究所、高校所属的性能化防火设计研究所和社会性的火灾安全咨询服务公司。公安部消防局是注册防火工程师执业机构的主管部门,并对其进行行业与技术管理,如人员组成、软件设备、注册资金及收费标准、人员培训与业务指导以及建筑设计修改等。     

化学反应器火灾爆炸事故树分析研究

本文运用事故树(FTA)分析方法,根据大量事故案例,分析了反应容器火灾爆炸事故发生的类型和原因,并排出了结构重要度顺序,对于此类事故的调查和防范具有一定实用意义。     

Enhancement of ninhydrin- or DFO-treated latent fingerprints on thermal paper

A new method for enhancement of ninhydrin or 1,8-diazafluoren-9-one (DFO)-treated latent fingerprints on thermal paper will be described. Most thermosensitive surfaces of thermal paper become dark when treated with DFO or ninhydrin petroleum ether (NPB) solution. This effect minimizes contrast between the developed fingerprints and the background. The new method described reduces this dark staining without removing the thermosensitive layer and parts of the developed fingerprints, as occurs with acetone washing. Through the new method, the developed fingerprints appear in sharp lines and high contrast. Extensive tests were performed, leading to an optimized working solution, which charges the paper with a minimum of chemicals, is cheap, and enables a large quantity of papers to be treated in a short time. The working solution contains commercially available, nonvolatile, nitrogenous organic compounds and can be used like the application of NPB solution by dipping.     

Automated region segmentation on cartridge case base

One of the significant problems encountered in criminology studies is the successful automated matching of fired cartridge cases, on the basis of the characteristic marks left on them by firearms. An intermediate step in the solution of this problem is the segmentation of certain regions that are defined on the cartridge case base. This paper describes a model-based method that performs segmentation of the cartridge case using surface height image of a center fire cartridge case base. The proposed method detects the location of the cartridge case base center and specific circular contours around it iteratively by projecting the problem to a one-dimensional feature space. In addition, the firing pin impression region is determined by utilizing an adaptive threshold that differentiates impression marks form primer region surface. Letters on the cartridge case base are also detected by using surface modeling and adaptive thresholding, in order to render the surface comparison operation robust against irrelevant surface features. Promising experimental results indicate the eligibility of the proposed method to be used for automated cartridge case base region segmentation process.