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1.
Schad MM Szwedo DE Antonishak J Hare A Allen JP 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2008,37(3):346-358
The broader context of relational aggression in adolescent romantic relationships was assessed by considering the ways such
aggression emerged from prior experiences of peer pressure and was linked to concurrent difficulties in psychosocial functioning.
Longitudinal, multi-reporter data were obtained from 97 adolescents and their best friends at age 15 and from adolescents
and their romantic partners at age 18. Teens’ relational aggression and romantic partners’ victimization were predicted from
levels of best friends’ pressuring behaviors toward teens in an observed interaction as well as from best friends’ ratings
of how much pressure teens experienced from their peer group. Romantic partner relational aggression and teen victimization
were predicted by pressure from teens’ peer group only. Adolescents’ romantic relational aggression and victimization were
also associated with elevated levels of depressive symptoms and increased alcohol use. Results are discussed in terms of the
connection of relational aggression in romantic relationships to the broader task of establishing autonomy with peers in psychosocial
development.
相似文献
Megan M. SchadEmail: |
2.
Rebecca S. Siegel Annette M. La Greca Hannah M. Harrison 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2009,38(8):1096-1109
This study used a 2-month prospective research design to examine the bi-directional interplay between peer victimization and
social anxiety among adolescents. Participants included 228 adolescents (58% female) in grades 10–12. Three types of peer
victimization were examined: overt (physical aggression or verbal threats), relational (malicious manipulation of a relationship, such as by friendship withdrawal), and reputational (damaging another’s peer relationships, such as through rumor spreading). Adolescents’ self-reported feelings of social anxiety
and peer victimization experiences were assessed at two time points, in November and January of the same school year. Peer
victimization was strongly related to adolescents’ social anxiety, and relational victimization explained additional unique
variance. Moreover, peer victimization was both a predictor and consequence of social anxiety over time, with the most robust
results found for relational victimization. Limited support was obtained for gender as a moderating variable. Findings highlight
the deleterious effects of peer victimization, especially relational victimization, and suggest avenues for future research
and clinical intervention for adolescents experiencing such victimization.
相似文献
Rebecca S. SiegelEmail: |
3.
This study investigated the relationship between social information processing (SIP) and both relational and overt, physical
aggression in a longitudinally-followed sample of 228 adolescent girls (ages 11–18; 140 with ADHD and 88 comparison girls).
During childhood, girls participated in naturalistic summer camps where peer rejection, overt physical aggression, and relational
aggression were assessed via multiple informants and methods. Approximately 4.5 years later, these girls participated in follow-up
assessments during which they completed a commonly-used vignette procedure to assess SIP; overt and relational aggression
were again assessed through multiple informants. Correlations between (a) overt and relational aggression and (b) maladaptive
SIP were modest in this female adolescent sample. However, relationships between aggression and SIP were stronger for the
comparison girls than for the girls with ADHD. The relevance of SIP models for adolescent girls and clinical implications
of findings are discussed.
相似文献
Amori Yee MikamiEmail: |
4.
Profiles and Correlates of Relational Aggression in Young Adults’ Romantic Relationships 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
Sara E. Goldstein Daniel Chesir-Teran Adrienne McFaul 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2008,37(3):251-265
The present study examines prevalence and correlates of experiencing and perpetrating relational aggression in the context
of young adults’ romantic relationships. We assess correlates of relational aggression in four domains of risk: (1) Social-cognitive,
(2) Relationship, (3) Trait/dispositional, and (4) Mental health. Results indicate that modest involvement in relational aggression
is relatively common. Females reported higher levels of perpetration whereas males reported higher levels of victimization.
Relational aggression and victimization were related to each domain of risk for both men and women, although different patterns
of findings emerged for each domain. For example, individuals who reported perpetrating relational aggression in their romantic
relationships believed that aggression was most acceptable (social-cognitive risk) whereas individuals who reported experiencing
relational aggression (as victims) were more likely to indicate that their self worth is contingent on relationships and that
romantic relationships are very important to them (dispositional risk). Respondents who reported either perpetrating or experiencing
relational aggression had higher levels of exclusivity in their relationships and were more likely to describe their relationships
in anxious attachment terms (relationship risk). They also reported higher levels of depressive and anxious symptoms (mental
health risk). Implications of these results for theory and prevention and intervention efforts are discussed.
Sara Goldstein received her Ph.D. in Psychology from Bowling Green State University. Her major research interests include peer relationships, aggression, and gender. She is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Family and Child Studies at Montclair State University. Daniel Chesir-Teran received his Ph.D. in Community Psychology from New York University. His major research interests include contextual influences on children, adolescents, and families with a specific focus on heterosexism in high school and the development of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and questioning adolescents; prevention of psychological, behavioral, and academic problems; and promotion of wellbeing. He is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Family and Child Studies at Montclair State University. Adrienne McFaul received her Bachelor’s degree in Psychology from Louisiana State University. Her major research interests focus on the development of aggression and the influence of media on social behavior. She is a graduate student in the Department of Psychology at Rutgers University–Newark. 相似文献
Sara E. GoldsteinEmail: |
Sara Goldstein received her Ph.D. in Psychology from Bowling Green State University. Her major research interests include peer relationships, aggression, and gender. She is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Family and Child Studies at Montclair State University. Daniel Chesir-Teran received his Ph.D. in Community Psychology from New York University. His major research interests include contextual influences on children, adolescents, and families with a specific focus on heterosexism in high school and the development of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and questioning adolescents; prevention of psychological, behavioral, and academic problems; and promotion of wellbeing. He is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Family and Child Studies at Montclair State University. Adrienne McFaul received her Bachelor’s degree in Psychology from Louisiana State University. Her major research interests focus on the development of aggression and the influence of media on social behavior. She is a graduate student in the Department of Psychology at Rutgers University–Newark. 相似文献
5.
Gianluca Gini 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2008,37(7):812-820
In this study, we analyzed the relationships among overt and relational victimization and adolescents’ satisfaction with friends.
We also tested the influence of the need for affective relationships with friends. A total of 409 Italian adolescent boys
and girls (age range = 14–16, M = 15.02 years, SD = 2.58) completed a self-report measure of overt and relational victimization, a measure of satisfaction
with friends, and a scale to assess the individual need for affective relationships. A negative association between both forms
of victimization and levels of satisfaction with friends was found. As hypothesized, the need for affective relationships
with friends moderated the relation between relational, but not overt, victimization and satisfaction with friends: Adolescents
who reported more need for affective relationships reported the lowest levels of satisfaction when relationally victimized.
Gianluca Gini M.A. and Ph.D. in Developmental Psychology. He is currently Assistant professor at the Faculty of Psychology (University of Padua, Italy). His major research interests include school bullying, peer victimization and children’s social reasoning. 相似文献
Gianluca GiniEmail: |
Gianluca Gini M.A. and Ph.D. in Developmental Psychology. He is currently Assistant professor at the Faculty of Psychology (University of Padua, Italy). His major research interests include school bullying, peer victimization and children’s social reasoning. 相似文献
6.
The purpose of this study was to extend the current literature on forms (i.e., physical and relational) and functions (i.e.,
proactive and reactive) of participants’ cognitions and beliefs about aggressive behavior. Participants included an ethnically
diverse group of emerging adults (N = 165; M = 19.05 years; SD = 1.55) and completed a battery of self-report instruments. Gender differences for subtypes of physical
aggression were found. Impulsivity was associated with all subtypes of aggression. Results showed that reactive physical aggression
was uniquely associated with hostile attribution biases for instrumental provocation situations. Reactive relational aggression
was uniquely associated with hostile attribution biases for relational provocation scenarios. Findings indicated links between
self-reported subtypes of aggressive behavior and normative beliefs of aggression. Ways in which this study extends the extant
literature are discussed.
相似文献
Jamie M. OstrovEmail: |
7.
The present study examines how exposure to relational aggression at school is associated with adolescents’ perceptions of,
and participation in, a hostile school environment. Participants were 1,335 African American and European American adolescents
in grades 7 through 12 (52% female, 49% African American). Results indicate that exposure to relational aggression is associated
with several components of adolescents’ perceptions of the school climate. Adolescents exposed to high levels of relational
aggression perceived their school to be less safe, and were less pleased with the general social atmosphere at school. Moreover,
for males, but not females, exposure to relational aggression was associated with carrying a weapon to school. Implications
and suggestions for future research are discussed in terms of working toward safer school environments for adolescents.
Sara Goldstein is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Family and Child Studies at Montclair State University. She received her Ph.D. in Psychology from Bowling Green State University. Her major research interests include peer relationships, aggression, and gender. Amy Young is an Assistant Research Scientist at the Institute for Research on Women and Gender at the University of Michigan. She received her Ph.D. in Psychology from the University of Michigan. Major research interests include gender, sexual assault, substance use, and developmental psychopathology. Carol Boyd is a Professor of Nursing and a Professor of Women’s Studies and is Director of the Institute for Research on women and Gender at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. She received her PhD, in Nursing (cognate Anthropology). Her major research interests include gender and substance abuse. 相似文献
Sara E. GoldsteinEmail: |
Sara Goldstein is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Family and Child Studies at Montclair State University. She received her Ph.D. in Psychology from Bowling Green State University. Her major research interests include peer relationships, aggression, and gender. Amy Young is an Assistant Research Scientist at the Institute for Research on Women and Gender at the University of Michigan. She received her Ph.D. in Psychology from the University of Michigan. Major research interests include gender, sexual assault, substance use, and developmental psychopathology. Carol Boyd is a Professor of Nursing and a Professor of Women’s Studies and is Director of the Institute for Research on women and Gender at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. She received her PhD, in Nursing (cognate Anthropology). Her major research interests include gender and substance abuse. 相似文献
8.
Prospective associations between violent victimization, the quality of the parent-adolescent relationship, and the subsequent
onset of violent aggression were examined. Using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), participants
were divided into violent and non-violent cohorts based on whether they had committed an act of violence prior to Wave 1.
Results showed that violent victimization at Wave 1 predicted the onset of violent aggression at Wave 2 for adolescents who
were non-violent at baseline. Earlier violent victimization, however, had no effect on aggression trajectories for baseline
violent adolescents. Parent-adolescent relations functioned as a protective buffer, such that violently victimized adolescents
who reported high quality relationships with parents were less likely to be involved in violent aggression at Wave 2. Subsequent
gender interaction analyses revealed that while the buffering effect was evident for males, parent-adolescent relations did
not protect females from the onset of aggressive behaviors. Findings are evaluated in light of social learning and cycle of
violence theories that highlight the role of violent victimization among adolescents.
相似文献
Jeffrey T. Cookston (Corresponding author)Email: |
9.
Arne K. Albrecht Nancy L. Galambos S. Mikael Jansson 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2007,36(5):673-684
This panel study investigated the directionality of relations between adolescents’ perceptions of their parents’ psychological
control and adolescents’ self-reported internalizing and aggressive (physical and relational) behaviors. Data were collected
from a random, community sample of 530 adolescents ages 12–19 years old at time 1, and again 2 years later. Hierarchical regression
analyses found that adolescents’ perceptions of parents’ psychological control at baseline did not predict changes in adolescents’
internalizing and aggressive behaviors over 2 years but higher internalizing behavior and physical aggression at time 1 predicted
increases in adolescents’ estimates of their mothers’ and fathers’ psychologically controlling behaviors. Higher relational
aggression reported by adolescents at time 1 predicted increases in their perceptions of mothers as psychologically controlling.
This study provides more evidence for child effects on adolescents’ ratings of their parents’ psychological control than for
parent effects of perceived psychological control on adolescents’ behavior.
相似文献
Nancy L. GalambosEmail: |
10.
This study examined adolescent peer-on-peer sexual assault victimization occurring within and outside school. The sample consisted
of 1,086 7th through 12th grade students, with a mean age of 15. Most of the respondents were White (54%) or Black (45%),
and approximately half of respondents were female (54%). A modified version of the Sexual Experiences Survey was used to assess
opposite sex sexual victimization in 7th through 12th grade students. Rates of peer sexual assault were high, ranging from
26% of high school boys to 51% of high school girls. School was the most common location of peer sexual victimization. Characteristics
of assault varied by location, including type of victimization, victims’ grade level, relationship to the perpetrator, type
of coercion, and how upsetting the assault was. Distinctions between sexual assault occurring in and out of school are conceptualized
with literature on developmental changes in heterosexual relationships and aggression.
相似文献
Amy M. YoungEmail: |
11.
Being a victim of sexual aggression from a peer is a common experience among adolescents and poses a significant risk for
various forms of psychopathology. Unfortunately, little is known concerning specific interpersonal factors that increase an
adolescent’s risk for experiencing sexual aggression. The current study assessed the contribution made by several interpersonal
factors both for the first and repeated experience of becoming a victim of sexual aggression from a peer. Data were collected
annually from a longitudinal sample of 200 adolescents over a period of 4 years and were analyzed using multiple-spell, discrete-time
survival analysis. Approximately 46% of the adolescents reported experiencing some form of sexual aggression by the end of
wave 4. Further, 65% of victims reported experiencing a repeat incident of aggression. Females were at higher risk both for
initial and repeated victimization, as were adolescents with more sexual experience and higher levels of rejection sensitivity.
Results are discussed in terms of implications for future prevention efforts.
相似文献
Wyndol FurmanEmail: |
12.
The Utility of Forms and Functions of Aggression in Emerging Adulthood: Association with Personality Disorder Symptomatology 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A sample of 679 (341 women) emerging adults (M = 18.90 years; SD = 1.11; range = 18.00–22.92) participated in a study on the utility of forms (i.e., physical and relational)
and functions (i.e., proactive and reactive) of aggression. We examined the link between these four subtypes of aggression
and personality pathology (i.e., psychopathic features, borderline personality disorder features, and antisocial personality
disorder features). The study supports the psychometric properties (i.e., test–retest reliability, internal consistency, discriminant
validity) of a recently introduced measure of forms and functions of aggression during emerging adulthood. Aggression subtypes
were uniquely associated with indices of personality pathology. For example, proactive (i.e., planned, instrumental or goal-oriented)
and reactive (i.e., impulsive, hostile or retaliatory) functions of relational aggression were uniquely associated with borderline
personality disorder features even after controlling for functions of physical aggression and gender. The results highlight
the differential associations between forms and functions of aggression and indices of personality pathology in typically
developing emerging adults.
Jamie M. Ostrov is an Assistant Professor of Psychology in the Clinical Psychology Program at the University at Buffalo, The State University of New York. Dr. Ostrov received his Ph.D. in Child Psychology from the University of Minnesota—Twin Cities Campus. His research focuses on the development of relational and physical aggression. Rebecca J. Houston is a Research Scientist at the Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York. Dr. Houston received her Ph.D. in Biopsychology from the University of New Orleans. She completed a postdoctoral fellowship in Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research at the University of Connecticut School of Medicine. Her research focuses on the neurophysiological mechanisms involved in functions of aggression. 相似文献
Jamie M. OstrovEmail: |
Jamie M. Ostrov is an Assistant Professor of Psychology in the Clinical Psychology Program at the University at Buffalo, The State University of New York. Dr. Ostrov received his Ph.D. in Child Psychology from the University of Minnesota—Twin Cities Campus. His research focuses on the development of relational and physical aggression. Rebecca J. Houston is a Research Scientist at the Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York. Dr. Houston received her Ph.D. in Biopsychology from the University of New Orleans. She completed a postdoctoral fellowship in Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research at the University of Connecticut School of Medicine. Her research focuses on the neurophysiological mechanisms involved in functions of aggression. 相似文献
13.
Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis and multi-group structural equation modeling were used to test correlates of overt
and relational aggression between young adolescent siblings across four groups (i.e., male/male, male/female, female/male,
and female/female sibling pairs), using 433 predominately European American families. Similar patterns of associations were
found across groups when distinguished by gender composition. Family environment emerged as an important factor in explaining
internalizing problems as well as overt/relational aggression for both younger and older siblings. While perceived maternal
psychological control was significantly positively related to overt/relational aggression and internalizing problems for younger
siblings, it was significantly positively associated with only relational aggression for older siblings. Findings also provided
partial support for the positive linkages between young adolescents’ aggression and their own and siblings’ internalizing
problems above and beyond the aforementioned family and maternal variables. Results of the current study extend the understanding
of adolescent aggression to a new relational context, or among siblings, and highlight the role of family factors in promoting
or buffering the impact of aggression on internalizing behaviors.
Jeong Jin Yu is a doctoral candidate in Family Studies and Human Development at the University of Arizona. He received his M.S. in Human Development and Family Studies from the University of Missouri-Columbia. His research interests include adolescent socio-emotional development and multivariate statistical methods. Wendy C. Gamble is an associate professor at the University of Arizona in the Division of Family Studies and Human Development. She received her Ph.D. in Human Development and Family Studies from the Pennsylvania State University. Her current research focuses on the socialization of emotional competencies among children and on sibling interactions and developing self-systems among children and adolescents. 相似文献
Wendy C. GambleEmail: |
Jeong Jin Yu is a doctoral candidate in Family Studies and Human Development at the University of Arizona. He received his M.S. in Human Development and Family Studies from the University of Missouri-Columbia. His research interests include adolescent socio-emotional development and multivariate statistical methods. Wendy C. Gamble is an associate professor at the University of Arizona in the Division of Family Studies and Human Development. She received her Ph.D. in Human Development and Family Studies from the Pennsylvania State University. Her current research focuses on the socialization of emotional competencies among children and on sibling interactions and developing self-systems among children and adolescents. 相似文献
14.
This study examined gender differences in cross-gender violence perpetration and victimization (ranging from mild, e.g., push,
to severe, e.g., assault with a knife or gun) and attitudes toward dating conflict, among an urban sample of 601 early adolescents
(78% African-American). Comparisons across gender groups for cross-gender (e.g., female-to-male) violence perpetration and
victimization indicated higher levels of perpetration for girls and higher levels of victimization for boys. Girls also reported
higher levels of verbal and physical violence toward partners with regard to attitudes toward dating conflict. A path model
was specified and indicated that cross-gender violence perpetration, harsh parenting, peer deviance, low family income, and
neighborhood hazards accounted for significant variation in attitudes toward dating conflict. Findings were discussed regarding
the need to identify developmental precursors of dating violence in early adolescence and to focus prevention efforts on components
(e.g., social skills, coping strategies) necessary to prevent the onset and escalation of adolescent dating violence.
相似文献
Sylvie MrugEmail: |
15.
Anne van Hoof Quinten A. W. Raaijmakers Yolanda van Beek William W. HaleIII Liesbeth Aleva 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2008,37(7):772-782
This study investigated a multi-mediation model of the relationship between bullying behavior, peer victimization, personal
identity, and family characteristics to adolescent depressive symptoms in 194 high school students, 12–18 years of age. In
the first model, peer victimization mediated the relation between bullying behavior and depressive symptoms. In the second
model, personal identity mediated the relation between peer victimization and depressive symptoms. In the final model, the
two mediation models were combined. The relative influence of family characteristics on all variables in the two mediation
models was studied using structural equation modeling. The results supported both mediation models and confirmed the influence
of family characteristics on all variables in the mediation models. This study indicates that victimization by one’s peers
has consequences for adolescents’ psychological health when their personal identity is affected. In addition, the study was
able to model several processes in which family characteristics were related to adolescent depressive symptoms. Moreover,
the final combined model (in which the two mediation models and the influence of family characteristics on all variables were
confirmed) explained half of the variance in adolescent depressive symptoms.
相似文献
Liesbeth AlevaEmail: |
16.
17.
Jennifer E. Lansford Ley A. Killeya-Jones Shari Miller Philip R. Costanzo 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2009,38(8):1084-1095
Sociometric nominations, social cognitive maps, and self-report questionnaires were completed in consecutive years by 327
students (56% girls) followed longitudinally from grade 7 to grade 8 to examine the stability of social standing in peer groups
and correlates of changes in social standing. Social preference, perceived popularity, network centrality, and leadership
were moderately stable from grade 7 to grade 8. Alcohol use and relational aggression in grade 7 predicted changes in social
preference and centrality, respectively, between grade 7 and grade 8, but these effects were moderated by gender and ethnicity.
Changes in social standing from grade 7 to grade 8 were unrelated to grade 8 physical aggression, relational aggression, and
alcohol use after controlling for the grade 7 corollaries of these behaviors. Results are discussed in terms of their implications
for understanding links between social standing and problem behaviors during adolescence.
相似文献
Jennifer E. LansfordEmail: |
18.
Little is known about the impact of the relational context of adolescent sexual activity on depressive symptoms. The present
study examined trajectories of depressive symptoms among 6,602 adolescents (44% male, 60% White) taken from a nationally representative
study (Add Health). Sexually active youth in romantic and casual relationships were first compared to virgins and then to
each other by relational context. Longitudinal, multilevel models examined differences in the course of depressive symptoms
based on sexual activity separately by gender and age group (ages 12–14 and 15–18). Results indicated that when compared to
virgins, any differences in depressive symptoms by relational context of sex were present prior to youth’s sexual debut. The
few significant differences found between youth who had sex in romantic relationships verses those who had casual sex were
present before sexual initiation and not maintained over time, suggesting that casual sex in adolescence is not associated
with long-term risks for depressive symptoms.
相似文献
Kathryn C. MonahanEmail: |
19.
Sandra Graham Amy Bellmore Adrienne Nishina Jaana Juvonen 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2009,38(4):487-499
This study examined the mediating role of self-blaming attributions on peer victimization-maladjustment relations in middle
school and the moderating role of classroom ethnic diversity. Latino and African American 6th grade participants (N = 1105, 56% female) were recruited from middle schools in which they were either members of the numerical majority ethnic
group, the numerical minority, or one of several ethnic groups in ethnically diverse schools. Peer nomination data were gathered
in the Fall of 6th grade to determine which students had reputations as victims of harassment and self-report data on self-blame
for peer harassment and the adjustment outcomes of depressive symptoms and feelings of self-worth were gathered in the Spring
of 6th grade, approximately 6 months later. A mediational model in which self-blame partly explained the relation between
victimization and maladjustment was supported among students from the majority ethnic group in their classroom but not among
students from the minority group. The usefulness of including ethnic diversity as an important context variable in studies
of peer victimization during early adolescence was discussed.
Amy D. Bellmore is an Assistant Professor at University of Wisconsin, Madison in the Department of Educational Psychology. Her research interests include peer-directed aggression, ethnicity and ethnic contexts, and the development of interpersonal perception. Adrienne Nishina is currently an Assistant Professor in the Department of Human and Community Development at University of California, Davis. Her major research interests include mental health in schools, adolescent peer relations, and ethnic diversity. Jaana Juvonen is a Professor and Chair of the Developmental Psychology Program at University of California, Los Angeles. Her area of expertise is in young adolescent peer relationships and school adjustment. 相似文献
Sandra GrahamEmail: |
Amy D. Bellmore is an Assistant Professor at University of Wisconsin, Madison in the Department of Educational Psychology. Her research interests include peer-directed aggression, ethnicity and ethnic contexts, and the development of interpersonal perception. Adrienne Nishina is currently an Assistant Professor in the Department of Human and Community Development at University of California, Davis. Her major research interests include mental health in schools, adolescent peer relations, and ethnic diversity. Jaana Juvonen is a Professor and Chair of the Developmental Psychology Program at University of California, Los Angeles. Her area of expertise is in young adolescent peer relationships and school adjustment. 相似文献
20.
B. Bradford Brown Heather Von Bank Laurence Steinberg 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2008,37(10):1163-1177
Peer crowds serve as an identity marker for adolescents, indicating their image and status among peers; but adolescents do
not always endorse peer appraisals of crowd affiliation. We report on two studies—one with 924 adolescents in grades 7–12
and a second with a more diverse population of 2,728 students in grades 9–11, followed for 2 years—that examined how congruence
between peer and self-appraisals of crowd affiliation relate to self-esteem and internalizing symptoms. Analyses indicate
that high-status crowd members may suffer and low-status crowd members benefit by denying their peer crowd affiliation, but
effects are modest in size and not entirely consistent across the two studies. Findings underscore the value of symbolic interactionist
principles concerning reflected appraisal processes in understanding how peer crowd affiliation affects adolescent self-image.
相似文献
B. Bradford BrownEmail: |