Ownership structure, regulation and the market for corporate control in the EU banking sector

This paper analyzes the efficiency of shareholder control and hostile takeovers as corporate governance mechanisms in the EU banking sector against the background of the existing corporate governance regulations and different ownership structures of banks in the EU. The results indicate the there is trade-off in EU corporate governance regulation between better investor protection and a higher efficiency of the market for corporate control. The main problem is differences in the ownership structure of banks in the EU banking sector. This implies that EU corporate governance regulations should be customized to the specific ownership structure of banks and not toward harmonising national regulations.     

我国银行业滥用市场支配地位的反垄断法分析

我国银行业的竞争日益激烈,然而又频频出现银行依据自身在特定条件下的优势地位损害消费者利益的行为,这种行为符合《反垄断法》规制的“滥用市场支配地位”的行为。银行业相关市场的构成应考虑产品和地域因素,市场支配地位的认定应结合我国的具体国情,判断滥用行为应正确区分合理正当的商业经营行为与限制、排除竞争的经营行为。     

我国银行行政接管的法律诠释与制度完善

银行的业务模式具有天然的脆弱性和不稳定性。当一家银行发生严重危机时,考虑到银行服务的广泛性及特殊性,银行监管机构通常会对其实行行政接管,采取各项救助手段使其恢复正常经营,避免其走向行政关闭或司法破产的末路。目前,我国银行行政接管法律制度对于接管条件、救助手段、接管程序、接管权力等方面的规定均存在不足。结合我国银行业发展的现状,建议出台针对银行行政接管的专门规章,在银行行政接管的实施过程中,各政府部门应协调同步,司法部门应予以必要协助。     

Consolidation and Competition in Emerging Market: An Empirical Test for Malaysian Banking Industry

This paper investigates the effect of bank consolidation on market structure and competition in Malaysian banking industry during the years of 1998–2005. The study evaluates the degree of competition using H-statistic proposed by Panzar and Rosse (1987 Testing for monopoly equilibrium. J Ind Econ 35:443–456). The estimated H-statistics are positive ranging from 0.53 to 0.81 and the Wald test for the market structure for monopoly or perfect competition is rejected. The results imply that the financial institutions in Malaysia earned their revenue in the condition of monopolistic competition with the traditional interest-based market is significantly less competitive than the overall market. The evidence is however insufficient to show that there is an increase in competition due to a change in the market structure. Thus, the findings suggest that additional competition policy is needed to ensure competition in the Malaysian banking market in view of further consolidation in the banking sector.     

Banking on China's WTO Commitments: 'Same Bed, Different Dreams' in China's Financial Services Sector

Foreign banks and the Chinese Government have different dreamsabout the business opportunities and obligations that ariseunder China's World Trade Organization (WTO) commitments onfinancial services. This article provides an overview of China'sbanking sector reforms and its gradual opening to foreign participationin the context of General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS)rules governing international trade in financial services andthe obligations that apply since China's WTO accession in December2001. The article highlights the contradictory interpretationsthat China and other Members have issued regarding China's GATScommitments and provides a framework for assessing the WTO consistencyof China's banking measures. An analysis is conducted underthis framework to evaluate whether China has fully implementedits GATS commitments on (i) the acquisition of Chinese banksby foreign financial institutions, (ii) legitimate ‘prudentialregulation’ in the banking sector, and (iii) full marketaccess for credit card and electronic payment services. Notwithstandingthe apparent complexity of GATS rules, the article concludesthat the WTO legal framework supports the case for increasedaccess to China's financial services market consistent withits GATS commitments, and fully consistent with China's plansfor continuing domestic growth and its medium-term financialservices export interests.     

中国商业银行利润效率实证分析:1996-2007

通过利用随机前沿模型对1996—2007年我国商业银行利润效率指数进行测量,并分析了商业银行外部竞争和所有权结构的影响,结果表明:我国商业银行利润效率整体呈上升趋势,但除少数银行外,整体仍偏低;股份制商业银行在效率指数上优于国有银行,而由于国有银行的股份制改革,在2003—2005年间两者差距缩小,但近年又有扩大的趋势;伴随国有银行改革与非国有银行发展带来的银行业竞争,对效率有显著的促进作用。     

Efficiency in Banking: Empirical Evidence from the Czech Republic

The paper examines the cost efficiency of the Czech-banking system in the 1990s by applying the distribution free approach model. Reported results indicate that foreign banks were on average more efficient than the other banks, although their efficiency was comparable with the ‘good’ small banks’ efficiency in early years of their operation. Based on the estimated results it is argued that early privatisation of state-owned commercial banks and more liberal policy towards foreign banks in the early stage of transition would have enhanced the efficiency in the banking system.     

入世与中国反垄断法的制定

入世后 ,中国政府越来越注重竞争政策和竞争法问题 ,以应对越来越激烈的国内市场竞争和国际市场竞争。中国现行反垄断法规范尚未形成一个系统和完整的反垄断体系 ,对滥用行政权力限制竞争的行为制裁不力 ,缺乏独立的和权威的反垄断执法机关。 2 0 0 2年 2月的反垄断法草案在滥用市场支配地位、企业合并、行政垄断和反垄断执法机关和程序的规定方面存在缺陷。虽然中国制定反垄断法存在压力 ,但是制定反垄断法有利于提高中国企业的竞争力 ,遏制跨国公司的垄断势力和改善国家的财政和宏观调控。     

商业银行并购的法律性质及其制度完善

商业银行并购行为具有多重法律性质,对其进行调整的法律体系应当体现意思自治、效率、反垄断等基本原则。我国现有商业银行并购法律未能严格遵循以上原则且缺乏系统性。有必要在准确把握银行并购法律性质的基础上制定《商业银行并购条例》,完善银行并购民事合同制度、申报审批以及反垄断制度等,从而有效地维护我国银行业金融体系安全和金融市场发展。     

FINANCIAL REPRESSION,FINANCIAL LEGAL GOVERNANCE AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN CHINA

Financial repression usually exists in developing countries. By nature, it is like a hidden tax and can liquidate public debt of the government effectively. The policy of financial repression will likely hinder financial deepening, negatively influence the building-up of efficient and inclusive financial systems, and eventually harm sustainable economic growth in the long run. The fine legal infrastructure plays an important role in financial deepening and development. In China the major measures to reduce financial repression and improve the legal governance in finance are the following: the strict respect and protection of private property rights, including the obligation rights of the common depositors against the banks and the shareholders’ rights of the common investors, the respect and protection of the contract freedom and contract enforcement, the sequential openness of financial market entry and introduction of the principle of free and equal competition in the financial market, and the improvement of the judicial system to increase the adaptability of Chinese law, such as the strengthening of judicial independence and the establishment of case law.     

外资银行进入对我国银行业影响的实证研究

本文通过选取1989-2005年的相关数据,运用计量经济学方法实证研究了外资银行进入对我国银行业产业绩效的影响.结果发现,外资银行进入与国内银行的税前利润和管理费用负相关,而与净利息收益和非贷款收益却正相关,且外资银行进入对股份制商业银行的冲击更大.由此我们应该在大力吸引外资银行进入的同时,注重配套改革特别是推进利率的市场化改革,大力鼓励股份制商业银行拓展业务范围,加快国有商业银行市场化改革和股份制改革进程.     

论银行公司治理制度的构建

在银行中,利益冲突的范围不同于实体经济中一般的工商企业,但是,一直以来银行的公司治理制度并没有给予银行中特别的利益冲突以特别关注。美国2007-2009年的金融危机表明,有必要调整和改革银行的公司治理结构。银行功能的社会公益性以及银行中特殊的利益冲突和其它的特点使得在构建银行的公司治理结构时,不能够简单地适用普通公司的治理模式,而要在股权治理、债权治理和监管治理之中寻求平衡。     

Banking efficiency and its determinants in selected frontier african markets

The degree of banking efficiency is of key importance as this has significant implication on the stability of financial systems and ultimately impacts on an economy. In this paper, we extend the existing literature by measuring the degree of bank efficiency in ten frontier African countries. We also attempt to analyse the determinants of banking efficiency in the sample countries. We employ a bank-level panel data set over the period 2008–2012 to measure banking efficiency in a two-stage procedure. In the first stage, we use the Data Envelopment Analysis technique to estimate technical, pure technical and scale bank efficiency. In the second stage, we use Simar and Wilson (J Econom 136:31–64, 2007) truncated bootstrapping approach to analyse the determinants of banking efficiency. The results of our analysis show that, to a greater extent, banks in the countries studied have efficient banking sectors. The results of truncated regression indicate that bank size is negatively related to banking sector efficiency while the degree of risk is positively related bank efficiency. Overall, the present study provides empirical information that may be used to guide future financial reform policies in the Frontier African countries.     

我国基金业的SCP分析：来自1999——2004年数据的实证

我国基金业的市场结构正由寡占型向竞争型转变,这对规范和完善我国基金业的市场行为起到了一定的积极作用.但是,现有的基金业制度在给我国基金公司带来高额利润的同时,并没有给投资者带来相应的投资回报;传统的有效结构假说和共谋假说对我国的基金业均不成立,而修正的有效结构假说能较好地反映我国基金业的市场绩效与市场结构之间的关系.为更好地发展我国基金业,政府应逐步放宽基金市场准入,并改革现有费率制度和基金发行制度;基金公司应提高自身的内部经营效率和投资组合的风险管理水平,从而提高基金业的市场绩效.     

改革中国银行业监管体制的法律与实践

中国银行业监管体制的改革已经取得了伟大的成就 ,但是我们不能否认它本身还存在着一些不完善之处 ,为了改革现行的银行业监管体制 ,国务院决定设立中国银行业监督管理委员会。设立脱离于中央银行的独立金融监管机构符合世界金融监管制度发展的趋势。     

我国政策性银行运作模式比较及改革探析

政策性银行的金融服务作为准公益物品,具有公与私物品的两种特性,这决定了政策性银行的运作模式必须是政府与市场的有机结合.由于经营理念、运作模式等方面的差别,经过多年的发展,我国政策性银行之间出现了较大的绩效差异.为提升我国政策性银行的运作绩效,我们须从制度完善、政银分离、治理网络和竞争合作四个方面探索有效的改革路径.     

Comparative Study of Domestic and Foreign Bank Performance in Thailand: The Regression Analysis

This paper studies the performance of domestic and foreign banks in Thailand in terms of profitability and other characteristics after the East Asian financial crisis. The study is based on a micro bank-level panel data on financial statements by pooling cross-bank time-series data with the major balance sheet and income statement ratios for domestic and foreign banks in Thailand for 1995–2000. All banks were found to have reduced their credit exposure during the crisis years, and to have gradually improved their profitability during the post-crisis years. The results indicate that foreign bank profitability is higher than the average profitability of the domestic banks although importantly, in the post-crisis period, the gap between foreign and domestic profitability become closer. This shows some positive results of the financial restructuring program. Saovanee Chantapong (Ms) currently works as a senior economist at the Office of Macroeconomic Policy and Analysis. She received her ph.D. in Economics from the Faculty of Economics and Management at the University of Hannover (Germany) in 2005. Paper submitted to the International West-East Conference 2003: Accounting and Finance in Transition: European and Asian Experiences and Public Policy Considerations, London, 10–12 July 2003. This paper is a revised version of the Kiel Advanced Studies Working paper (May 2002) which was written when the author participated in Advanced Studies Programme (ASP) at the Kiel Institute for World Economics (IFW), Germany. The author is greatly indebted to Dr. Ralph Heinrich, her discussant and Dr. Claudia M. Buch for their valuable comments. The author would like to thank Bussaracum Petchclai and Augsupalee Watcharakiet, her colleagues at the Bank of Thailand for their great help. The paper has benefited from very helpful comments from Felix Hammermann, Om Prakash Mall and Paula Jaramillo. The author is also grateful to Prof. Dr. Lukas Menkhoff, Chair, the Institute of Monetary Economics, Faculty of Economics and Management, University of Hannover. The views expressed in this paper are entirely those of the author only and do not necessarily reflect those of the Bank of Thailand. Remaining errors are under the author’s responsibilities.     

中小企业关系型贷款定价行为研究--以江苏省某国有银行县级支行为例

本文运用关系型贷款理论,以江苏省某国有银行县级支行为例,对基层地区中小企业贷款定价的影响因素进行了实证分析.主要结论有:第一,在地方信贷市场上,关系对贷款定价具有明显的影响,且关系越久,贷款利率越高;第二,企业的其他贷款行越多,贷款利率就越高;第三,企业年龄、资产规模、速动比率以及抵押方式等对贷款定价均存在一定影响.在垄断性信贷市场上,与银行关系长久的企业可能遭遇较高的贷款利率.应积极促进地方信贷市场上的银行业竞争,并将国有银行地方分支机构的信贷决策权下放,以更好地服务于地方中小企业.     

论开放银行数据共享中的信息披露义务

开放银行模式下,数据共享过程中的信息披露存在对象和内容两方面的特殊性,个人客户的知情权保障面临信息不对称与信息过载的双重困境。我国有关开放银行的规范将视线聚焦于技术标准,涉及信息披露之核心操作环节的规则处于空白状态。在我国,实践中,各家银行并没有足够的动力履行信息披露义务,有必要对开放银行数据共享中的信息披露义务进行系统构建,这需要结合银行和第三方机构在数据共享不同阶段承担的不同角色,对信息披露义务的具体内容及形式予以明确,并从民事责任、行政责任、刑事责任的角度对各类违反信息披露义务的行为分别加以规制。     

Banking reforms and the evolution of cost efficiency in Indian public sector banks

This paper analyses the trends of cost efficiency and its components across Indian public sector banks (PSBs) during the post-deregulation period spanning from 1992/1993 to 2007/2008. The study also examines the issue of convergence in cost, technical and allocative efficiency levels of Indian PSBs. The empirical results indicate that deregulation has had a positive impact on the cost efficiency of Indian public sector banking industry over the period of study. Further, technical efficiency of Indian PSBs followed an uptrend, while allocative efficiency followed a path of deceleration. We note that in Indian public sector banking industry, the cost inefficiency is mainly driven by technical inefficiency rather than allocative inefficiency. The convergence analysis reveals that the inefficient PSBs are not only catching-up but also moving ahead of the efficient ones, i.e., the banks with the low level of cost efficiency at the beginning of the period are growing more rapidly than the highly cost efficient banks. In sum, the study confirms a strong presence of σ- and β-convergence in cost efficiency levels of Indian public sector banking industry.