青少年吸毒行为的心理特征及预防矫正机制探析——以思想政治教育为视角

在我国，吸毒人数在不断上升，特别是在青少年中不断蔓延。“禁毒关系到国家的前途和民族的命运”。本文结合本人担当中学法制副校长的实践，从影响青少年吸毒行为的主要因素和青少年吸毒行为的心理特征出发，探讨思想政治教育在预防青少年吸毒工作的独特价值与功能，重点阐述了运用思想政治教育预防、矫正吸毒的途径与应当注意的四个具体问题。     

青少年吸毒成因的心理分析

近年来，我国的青少年吸毒问题日益严重，而且有继续恶化的趋势。本文主要从三个角度对青少年吸毒的心理成因做了分析：一是青少年对毒品所持的态度不正确；二是青少年的心理发展方面存在矛盾性，而这种矛盾性及在这种矛盾下所形成的一些心理倾向同吸毒行为的产生有密切的关系；三是从精神分析学的角度对吸毒成因进行探讨，认为吸毒行为的产生主要是本我、自我与超我的不平衡造成的。     

青少年吸毒行为简析

一、青少年吸毒行为的严重性我国90年代的有关统计表明.多数的吸毒者是青少年.实际生活中,青少年是最易受到毒品诱惑的“高危人群”,吸毒所带来的迷幻作用以及那种飘飘欲仙的自我感觉特别能吸引青少年。     

论青少年吸毒原因及预防措施

对于青少年吸毒原因的分析应当从三个层次进行:第一层次是环境诱因,青少年的特性决定了其主要是通过朋友圈获得接触毒品的机会;第二层次是人格缺陷,青少年在面对"毒友"的诱惑时无法理性作出选择,主要是因为其在长期生活过程中所形成的人格缺陷,使得其自我调节能力不足,难以抵挡毒品的诱惑;第三层次是青少年人格缺陷的形成在于家庭、学校、社会环境因素的影响。因此,对于青少年吸毒行为的预防应当坚持从两方面入手,一方面是从其人格缺陷的形成及影响因素入手进行预防,以达到"治本"效果,另一方面是从具体环境入手进行预防,以达到"治标"的效果。针对青少年吸毒的特点,不能忽视"治标"的预防,以情境预防消除吸毒客观条件、消退青少年吸毒主观动机,具体措施为:修改《刑法》中有关毒品犯罪的规定、加强对吸毒行为的处置力度以及建立具体的控制环境。     

美青少年“危险行为”减少

美国疾病控制和预防中心今天公布的一份调查报告称，与上世纪90年代相比，美国青少年的性爱、吸毒、吸烟等行为都有所减少。     

吸毒青少年毒品使用状况调查及对学校毒品预防教育的启示——基于C省监管场所201份25岁以下青少年样本的分析

通过对C省监管场所(拘留所和强制隔离戒毒所)中25岁以下吸毒人群(共201名)人口学特征、毒品使用状况、吸毒原因、偏差行为、接受戒毒治疗情况等的问卷调查,对吸毒青少年毒品使用的状况获得大致的了解。并在对问卷反馈的信息进行分析的基础上提出,学校毒品预防教育应从以下几个方面予以加强:九年义务教育期间学校开展的毒品预防教育工作至关重要,在全面开展一级预防教育的同时,重视二级预防教育,并普及中职教育;学校毒品预防教育应重点提高青少年对毒品的正确认知,注重社会生活技能的训练以使青少年获得防毒、拒毒能力;更新教师毒品预防的理念。     

青少年吸食合成毒品问题与对策研究——基于上海市100个吸毒青少年个案的调查

当前，青少年吸毒已成为最严重的社会问题之一。调查发现，海洛因等传统毒品的供应和需求有所遏制，但冰毒等合成毒品的滥用呈上升趋势。为了深入了解上海市青少年吸食合成毒品的实际情况，深刻把握滥用合成毒品青少年群体的群体特征、行为特征及其背后的影响因素，为有效遏制合成毒品在青少年群体中的蔓延、预防青少年犯罪提出有针对性的建议和对策。笔者与上海市自强社会服务总社、上海市中致社区服务社两家社团合作开展了针对上海市100个吸食合成毒品青少年的个案研究。研究对象按随机抽样原则选取，由社工一对一深入访谈，研究对象范围基本覆盖上海市所有区县。     

香港青少年跨境吸毒问题研究

随着粤港两地24小时的通关，内地娱乐场所相对低价的消费，毒品相对便宜的价格，吸引着众多的香港青少年跨境到广东珠三角地区的娱乐场所吸毒。分析香港跨境吸毒青少年的人员特征，有利于制定更加具有针对性的查处措施。在已有合作基础之上，粤港两地应当根据查处侧重点的不同，采取切实可行的举措，积极推进区际合作，共同遏制港青少年“北上”吸毒。     

河南省青少年吸毒现状的调查与思考

本文介绍了河南省青少年吸毒的特点和趋势，剖析了青少年吸毒的危害，在探讨吸毒原因的基础上提出了治理对策。     

青少年滥用毒品的成因与禁毒教育模式的转换

青少年吸毒是个全球性的问题。对于青少年吸毒的原因,可以从低学历标签和亚文化接纳的角度来进行分析。对于禁毒教育尚存在一些误区,教育内容的不完整使青少年吸毒的推动力进一步加强。针对这种状况,我们需要多元化的禁毒教育模式。     

Power and transformational and transactional leadership in public and private organizations

Ten public and 35 private organizations located in Central New York State participated in a university- sponsored research project to study the effects of organizational characteristics upon types of leadership (transformational/transactional) and power demonstrated by supervisors. Public sector organizations in which managers had low control over rewards were compared to private sector organizations in which managers had high control over rewards.

Followers perceived public sector supervisors as more inspirational by their followers and they used more active management-by-exception behavior than those in private organizations. Private sector supervisors had more reward, legitimate and coercive power than supervisors in public sector organizations.     

Natural Resources and Small Island Economies: Mauritius and Trinidad and Tobago

Abstract

Historically, small economies, especially resource-rich ones, underperformed on average relative to their larger counterparts. Small island economies appear still more disadvantaged due to remoteness from both markets and agglomeration economies. Yet a comparison of two small island economies with similar initial conditions other than their mineral endowment suggests that policy outweighs size, isolation and resource endowment in determining economic performance. Resource-poor Mauritius adopted an unfashionable policy of export manufacturing that systematically eliminated surplus labour, which drove economic diversification that sustained rapid GDP growth and political maturation. Like most resource-rich economies, Trinidad and Tobago pursued policies that absorbed rent too rapidly, which impeded diversification and created an illusory prosperity vulnerable to collapse.     

Russian stereotypes and myths of Ukraine and Ukrainians and why Novorossiya failed

This article discusses two inter-related issues. Firstly, the factors lying behind Russia's fervent belief that its Novorossiya (New Russia) project, aimed to bring back to Russia eight oblasts of Donetsk, Luhansk, Kharkiv, Dnipro, Zaporizhhya, Odesa, Mykolayiv, and Kherson in eastern and southern Ukraine and launched during the 2014 “Russian Spring,” would be successful. Russian identity misunderstood, and continues to misunderstand, Ukraine and Ukrainians through stereotypes and myths of Ukraine as an “artificial state” and Ukraine's Russian speakers as “fraternal brothers” and Russians and Ukrainians as “one people” (odin narod). Secondly, why Ukrainian national identity was different than these Russian stereotypes and myths and how this led to the failure of the Novorossiya project. Russian stereotypes and myths of Ukraine and Ukrainians came face to face with the reality of Russian-speaking Ukrainian patriotism and their low support for the Russkij Mir (Russian World). The article compares Russian stereotypes and myths of Ukraine and Ukrainians with how Ukrainians see themselves to explain the roots of the 2014 crisis, “Russian Spring,” and failure of Russian President Vladimir Putin's Novorossiya project.     

Earnings and ethnicity in Trinidad and Tobago

This study employs 1993 Continuous Sample Survey of the Population (CSSP) data for Trinidad and Tobago to investigate the determinants of earnings by ethnicity. The data, organised into three ethnic groupings, reveal lower levels of remuneration in the labour market for Africans and Indians than for individuals of other ethnicities taken as a whole. While the larger portion of the earnings differentials generally appears to be explained by ethnic differences in characteristics valued by the labour market, Africans and Indians would benefit substantially if they were to receive the same rates of remuneration for their educational endowments as workers of other ethnicities in the Trinidad and Tobago labour market. Notwithstanding Indians’ lowest average earnings, Africans appear more likely to be discriminated against.     

现代化与未成年人犯罪

未成人犯罪随着现代化的发展而发展，这可以说是一种国际现象。在现代化进程中，我国未成年人犯罪大量增多的原因在于：未成年人生理、心理发展不平衡，家庭教育存在缺失，学校教育存在不足，社会上存在着很多消极因素。在现代化进程中，必须采取有效对策，控制未成年人犯罪增多，才能保障未成年人健康成长。     

Country size and economic growth and development

This paper attempts to provide limited empirical evidence on the nature of the relationship between country size and rates of economic growth and levels of economic development, and on the possible effects of trade concentration and dependence on trade on this relationship. It suggests that there is no discernible association between country size and economic development, nor between country size and economic growth, and that neither the dependence on trade of small countries nor their commodity and geographic export concentration are necessarily important factors in economic growth and economic development.     

“两抢”犯罪的趋势与防控

根据最近16年的统计数据，我国“两抢”犯罪总体呈上升态势，且出现多方面的特点。当前，影响“两抢”犯罪变化趋势的因素主要有：社会管理机制完善的程度、社会成员之间收入的差距、“两抢”犯罪主体特点、社会成员的防范意识以及公安机关的防控机制等。预防“两抢”犯罪需要整个社会尤其是公安机关的共同努力。     

Government and Corruption: Scylla and Charybdis

Using public sector employment and corruption perception data for 72 countries across the world, this article demonstrates that despite common notion countries with “smaller” governments do not tend to have lower corruption. Under general assumptions, one can demonstrate that there is an optimal size of public sector employment corresponding to the highest capital intensity. The model has several implications: lower optimal sizes of governments for labor intensive countries and higher sizes for capital intensive ones, possibility to reduce corruption paying a cost of suboptimal output, and a higher “price” of an oversized government for labor intensive countries.