反垄断法私人执行的优越性及其实现——兼论中国反垄断法引入私人执行制度的必要性和立法建议

反垄断法私人执行的立法和实践始于美国,现在已经成为大多数国家的必然选择.反垄断法的私人执行具有自发性优势和比较优势两大优势,"赔偿功能"和"威慑功能"是私人执行"自发性优势"的主要体现,而"救济功能"和"指示功能"则是私人执行"比较优势"的主要表现.为了充分实现反垄断法私人执行的优越性,在制度设计上应遵循"法律上可能,经济上有利"的原则.为了促进我国反垄断法的有效实施,应引入私人执行制度,并在反垄断立法中对私人执行制度作出详细的规定.     

中国转型期社会警察权益保护

在中国社会从农业国家向工业国家转型的过程中,社会结构分化复杂,利益冲突和社会矛盾日益激化,社会治安形势异常严峻,警察站在解决冲突的"风头浪尖"上,时常被携裹进激烈的冲突中,执法权和人身权等权益受到了各方面的侵害。保护警察权益的核心在于塑造人民警察"恪守法律、秉公执法、超然于利益"的"中立形象",这就需要公安机关在处理热点案件时应遵循"及时、公开、透明"的原则,充分利用网络平台,掌握社会舆论中澄清案件事实的主动权,在与网民的平等互动中,有效维护警察的各项权益。     

The "Compliance" Trap: The Moral Message in Responsive Regulatory Enforcement

Simple deterrence will often fail to produce compliance commitment because it does not directly address business perceptions of the morality of regulated behavior. Responsive regulation, by contrast, seeks to build moral commitment to compliance with the law. This article shows that a regulator can overcome the deterrence trap to improve compliance commitment with the skillful use of responsive regulatory techniques that "leverage" the deterrence impact of its enforcement strategies with moral judgments. But this leads it into the "compliance trap." The compliance trap occurs where there is a lack of political support for the moral seriousness of the law it must enforce, such as is the case with cartel enforcement in Australia. In these circumstances, business offenders are likely to interpret the moral leveraging of responsive regulation as unfair or stigmatizing, and business perceptions of regulator unfairness are likely to have a negative influence on long-term compliance with the law. Moreover, big businesses that perceive regulatory enforcement as illegitimate are also likely to actively lobby for the political emasculation of the regulator. In these circumstances, most regulators are likely to avoid conflict by taking the easy option of enforcing the law "softly," and therefore ineffectively.     

城镇规划区违建执法困境及其解释——国家能力的视角

既有理论框架难以全面解释违建执法的困境.实际上,违建执法的困境反映执法领域国家能力的不足.从执法的结构和过程看,国家能力不足表现在多个层面:执法机构的"孤岛现象"普遍,不同机构之间难以有效合作;一线执法人员的素养欠缺,且其工作难以被执法机构有效考核;执法人员在进入社区空间、处理执法事务时受阻严重.由于国家能力的不足,执法人员常常接受执法对象的讨价还价,违建执法表现出"日常惰性—专项治理"的循环结构,强力执法与违法不究处于共生状态.改善社会治理,需要在执法领域强化国家能力,需要从执法机构、执法人员及其与社会的互动等多方面着手.     

试论执法公正

“执法公正”是指行政执法行为的过程和结果遵循和体现了公平与正义的原则,包括实体公正和程序公正。现阶段,我国更应强调程序公正。实现“执法公正”需要从完善立法、提高执法人员“法治”观念与执法水平入手。     

论行政执法

行政从“管理”到“执法”的转变是我国二十多年经济体制和政治体制改革的产物 ,是从几千年的人治逐步走向法治的标志。行政的“执法”性质和“依法”特征是由市场经济、民主政治和法治国家的发展目标所决定的。“行政执法”的实质是行政主体实施行政行为要有法律根据 ,受法律规范制约。行政执法改革不仅涉及执法方式、方法 ,而且涉及执法体制、范围、目标及执法主体与相对人的关系 ,是整个执法机制的转换。     

“警察人性化执法”刍议

警察人性化执法,是指警察在执法过程中,在依法保障当事人合法权益的前提下,依照法定的职权和法定的程序,改变执法观念和执法方式,以人为本,实现执法公正的一项专门活动。在警察人性化执法中,严格执法是前提,依法保障当事人的合法权益(包括警察自身的合法权益)是核心内容,人文关怀是方式,实现执法公正是终极目标。而"懦弱执法"、"人情执法"、"不平等执法"和"首次不罚"的执法都不是警察的人性化执法。警察人性化执法实现的途径主要有三:一是完善公安法律制度;二是提高人民警察自身的素质;三是加强监督,从严治警。     

法律规避下的契约私人治理研究——以建筑工程违法分包现象为切入点

建筑工程违法分包现象一直是社会关注的焦点问题。面对这些现象频繁引发的安全事故和社会纠纷,理论界和实务界在考虑法律对策的时候,不仅需要从外部视角研究如何强化法律实施机制,如进一步细化立法、增强法律监督、提高当事人责任标准等;而且也需要从内部视角研究违法分包契约当事人如何在规避法律情形下完成契约私人治理,因为正是这些契约私人治理机制促使违法分包当事人得以逃避法律监督进而实现不法目的。简言之,对于违法现象的治理,我们首先应当主动深入敌后,了解违法者的内部堡垒,之后才能对现有法律机制的缺陷进行反思,最终有针对性的制定解决问题的对策。     

过程论视野下自动化行政行为的司法审查——以道路交通非现场执法时空情境分析为视角

随着信息技术的发展,道路交通管理领域也迎来了自动化执法时代。闯红灯、超速等各类交通技术监控系统的引入将传统街道执法空间改造成一个"全景敞视"规训平台,大幅提升了交通违章查处效率。然而,作为被规训一方的行政相对人并未真正享受到"科技+行政"的发展红利,其根源在于信息技术赋权不均衡导致交通执法"便行不便民",使得"电子警察"饱受诟病。面对非现场执法这一新生事物,司法裁判应跳出传统现场执法的固有逻辑,运用行政过程论对非现场执法行为进行全流程、动态审查,对非现场执法的不同行为阶段采取不同的司法审查方法和审查强度,兼顾行政执法方式革新与行政相对人权益保障的需求,实现工具理性和价值理性的有效融合。     

电子警察法律问题研究

"电子警察"的使用对维护道路交通秩序、保障交通安全功不可没,然而,由于不规范执法因素的存在,导致"电子警察"获取的资料在作为证据使用时遇到了法律的挑战,这就需要尽快制定有关"电子警察"的立法.     

法律实施及其相关概念辨析

法律的生命在于它的实行。法律实施是指法律规范在社会生活中被人们实际贯彻与施行。它是将法律规范的抽象行为模式转化为人们的具体行为的过程;是使法律从书本上的法律变成行动中的法律,从应然状态进到实然状态的过程;是由法律规范的抽象的可能性转变为具体的现实性的过程。法律实施是实现法的目的的重要方式。在当代中国,立法已驶入快车道,社会主义市场经济法律体系也基本建立。但是,法律的实施状况和效益并不尽如人意,一个重要的原因是对法律实施的基本理论缺乏研究,对法律实施的实践缺乏总结,法律实施已成为社会主义法治国家建设中迫切需要解决的时代课题。因此,本文着眼于法律实施的基本含义、内在规定性及其相关概念的辨析,致力于法律实施与法律实现、法律效力、法律实效、法律效果和法律效益的联系和区别的探讨,藉以为法律实施的学术研究和实践活动提供基本的知识铺垫。     

The influence of strain on law enforcement legitimacy evaluations

Purpose

While law enforcement officers have the state-sanctioned authority to use force as a way to ensure citizen obedience with the law, research has found that when private citizens evaluate the police as legitimate, they are more likely to comply with legal demands and cooperate with the police. Although procedural justice has shown to be a highly significant predictor of perceived police legitimacy, research has found other correlates of this outcome, including ethnic identity, low self-control and structural economic disadvantage. To date, no study has explored whether strain influences perceptions of the legitimacy of law enforcement.

Methods

A series of linear regression equations was estimated using survey data collected from a convenience sample of college students to determine the effect of strain on perceived police legitimacy.

Results

Even after controlling for procedural justice, strain exerted a negative and statistically significant influence on law enforcement legitimacy evaluations.

Conclusions

Police officers are encouraged to interact with citizens in procedurally just manners and to also consider people's strain levels when enforcing the law.     

Legal admissibility of electronic evidence1

The use of computers and digital media in unlawful activities has increased so dramatically that investigation of any criminal activity may nowadays produce electronic evidence. However, the rapid growth in the number of criminal cases involving electronic evidence has all‐too‐often found law enforcement and the judiciary badly prepared to deal with the new issues created by this evidence. The gathering, conservation, communication and presentation of the computer‐derived evidence must fulfil legal requirements with regard to the admissibility of the evidence. Electronic evidence that was gathered in a way that was not in accordance with the law will be declared inadmissible and be ruled out of court. This report aims to briefly present the core principles of the law when handling electronic evidence. Therefore, this paper examines the conditions of admissibility of evidence in four European countries. In order to be complete and to give an interesting pan‐European view on the question, the English law system has been chosen to illustrate the functioning of the rules relating to the evidence in a country ruled by common law.     

论反垄断法的谦抑性适用——基于总体执法观和具体方法论的分析

反垄断法的谦抑性适用是指在总体执法态度和方法路径上的必要、适度、克制和非冒进的适用姿态。反垄断法执行的理想状态是不枉不纵、恰如其分和精准定位,但这种目标只可尽量接近而又难以企及,因而只能在总体执法效果上退而求其次。由于市场认知的困难性以及市场强大的自愈能力,在次优效果的追求中总体上可以采取必要的"宁纵不枉"的谦抑执法观,以尽量减少错误成本。反垄断法是经济与法律的结合体,经常以经济学分析为体,以法律方法为用,其谦抑性需要进行方法论上的贯彻。反垄断法兼具刚性和柔性,以法律解释为核心的法律方法是调和刚柔的路径与载体,通过谦抑的解释实现刚柔相济。经济学分析是反垄断法执行的重要支撑,但仍有其局限性。执法毕竟涉及"生杀予夺",运用经济学分析应当谨慎和适度,在反垄断法施行初期尤其要防止经济学分析"拜物教"。     

论行政执法中的的法律价值观冲突

行政执法人员的法律价值观是行政执法行为的思想基础和行为依据,直接影响着法律执行的价值状态。行政执法中的法律价值观冲突严重影响着价值观功能的发挥,制约着行政执法的效果。必须强化行政执法人员的法律信仰,确立解决行政执法中法律价值观冲突的基本准则。     

城市管理综合执法手段的合比例原则考察

城市管理综合执法手段的实质就是相对集中行政处罚权行使的具体方法、方式,有其丰富的表现形式,实践中由行政综合执法机关依法进行自由裁量。通过运用比例原则的三个子原则剖析实践中城市管理综合执法手段的行使,提出从立法、执法和司法三个方面来运用比例原则以对城市管理综合执法手段的行使进行有效控制。     

我国行刑联动信息共享平台运行绩效量化评价——基于对上海市食品药品行政执法的实证研究

为了实现行政执法与刑事司法的有效衔接,2005年上海市率先建立“行政执法与刑事司法衔接的信息共享平台”,随后,信息共享平台建设工作在全国范围内广泛推行,并且应用于各个行政执法领域。目前,我国信息共享平台总体运行情况良好,对提高行政执法效率,打击犯罪行为起到了正向促进作用,但也存在信息共享平台分布不均衡、使用率低和监督不力等问题,需从扩大推行范围、改进平台功能、加强监督管理等方面加以完善。     

Rule of Law with Chinese Characteristics: The Role of Campaigns in Lawmaking

China increasingly relies on its legal system to regulate a broad spectrum of social and economic activity. There is, however, widespread failure to observe the law, which periodically leads to social crises and popular unrest. The Chinese state is not, of course, alone in experiencing this, but it responds to enforcement failures in distinctive ways. This article examines one such response. In this article, we explore the role played by the enforcement campaign in the development of the Chinese legal system. We focus on one campaign in particular: the campaign that was waged between 2004 and 2007 to redress the chronic failure to pay wages. Chinese enforcement campaigns are not simply directed at securing greater compliance with existing law. They are integrally linked to cycles of law reform in the PRC. Whilst their main impact is on enforcement, they also have an important role in influencing the drafting of legislation and the interpretation of law. This article documents the impact of this campaign on the production of law: in speeding up the iterative process of lawmaking, interpretation, and implementation, with production of important reforms to existing labour law in 2007 and 2008. It is the strong “planned” nature of the campaign and its emphasis on state leadership of lawmaking and enforcement that continues to shape the development of China's particular version of the “rule of law.”     

当前民警执法权益受侵害的原因及对策

民警执法权益受到冲击和侵害的现象日益突显,其危害性不容忽视。警察是执法者,维护法律的尊严和依法办事是警察的天职,但同时也是应当受到保护的特殊群体。在工作实践中,我们应当根据其现状、危害性和根源,认真研究如何建立健全民警执法权益保障机制。