对我国未成年人法律保护的法理思考——从我国《未成年人保护法》说起

修订后的《未成年人保护法》明确赋予了未成年人在法律上的权利主体地位，这在我国未成年人法律保护方面是一个进步；通过对《未成年人保护法》中“应当”这一立法表达的法理分析，我们对《未成年人保护法》的可操作性有了新的理解和认识；在未成年人的法律保护中，父母对未成年人的监护、抚养等具有义务（职责）与权利（权力）的双重性，伴随着未成年人权利主体地位的确立，未成年人的权利与父母的权利必然会发生冲突，如何解决这些冲突，实际上我们并没有做好相应的准备，这必然会影响对未成年人法律保护的实际效果。     

中国未成年人法律保护的新发展——解读修改后的《未成年人保护法》

《中华人民共和国未成年人保护法》的修改，在我国未成年人保护方法史上具有里程碑的意义。此次法律的修改，扩大了司法机关扩大收办权益保护案件的范围。增强了未成年人自我保护的规定，增强了未成年人保护社会责任，这是建立在未成年人是成长中的独立主体和未成年人具有自觉能动性的科学理论基础上，也是吸纳我国理论研究和地方立法的原创性成果的体现。     

对在线收集未成年人个人信息行为的法律规制

未成年人的个人信息保护属于特殊领域的个人信息保护,由于其主体的特殊性,不能简单套用一般的保护原则及方法,需要进行特别的研究。本文立足于我国目前对在线收集未成年人个人信息行为的规制现状,借鉴美国《儿童在线隐私保护法》的主要规定及安全港规则,提出对在线收集未成年人个人信息行为的若干法律规制建议。     

未成年人保护地方性法规的立法结构评析

为了切实贯彻《未成年人保护法》的基本规定和体现其立法目的，未成年人保护地方性法规不应当规定“自我保护”，而对于残疾未成年人、孤儿、留守未成年人等特殊未成年人人数较多、问题较严重、保护难度较大的省（市、自治区），则可以在其未成年人保护地方性法规中以专章形式规定“特殊保护”。专章设置“国家机关保护”虽然有利于强化国家机关保护未成年人的责任，但这种立法结构安排并不具有充分的合理性。     

信息窗

教育法律科技界专家呼吁完善《未成年人保护法》7月29日在京举行的未成年人保护法研讨会上,教育、法律、科技界的专家学者呼吁,《未成年人保护法》需要进一步完善。专家们普遍认为作为一个纲领性的儿童保护法律,《未成年人保护法》对于我国未成年人的保护作了全面的规定,但原则性较强,对实际操作过程中的一些问题没有详细明确的界定,存在执行主体不清,对责任主体较概括等问题,没有明确相关部门的责任以及不履行责任所要承担的法律后果。鉴于以上问题的存在,专家们呼吁,对于这一部全面保护未成年人权益的专门法律来说,要更好地保障我国未成年…     

《未成年人保护法(修订草案)》的修订进路与完善方案

2019年10月22日,《未成年人保护法(修订草案)》于十三届全国人大常委会第十四次会议上提请审议,随后向社会公开征集修改意见。相对于现行《未成年人保护法》的规定,《未成年人保护法(修订草案)》在增设新的制度规范、完善现有制度规范以及删改陈旧不适宜的制度规范三个方面进行了调整,使得未成年人保护工作更加具有全面性、深入性和可操作性。与此同时,尚存在部分内容规定较为模糊、责任主体界定不清、权责不明,部分社会热点问题未作出回应等方面的问题,需要进一步完善。     

论建立追诉、保护、教育、监督相结合的未成年人刑事检察制度

未成年人犯处于儿童向青年过渡的时期，其生理、心理都处于成长期。未成年人犯罪，这是处于成长期孩子的犯罪，与成年人犯罪有着本质上的不同。为了充分体现对未成年犯在司法上的特殊对待，各国普遍建立了区别于成年犯的独立的未成年人刑事司法制度。现阶段，我国还没有建立独立的未成年人刑事司法制度，关于未成年人刑事司法的法律规定主要散见于《未成年人保护法》、《预防未成年人犯罪法》、《刑法》、《刑事诉讼法》，其中最为重要的《刑法》、     

少年阶段未成年人身心健康社会保护现状和解决路径

随着社会发展,生活压力的提高,未成年人身心健康也随之面临着重大挑战.对于我国少年阶段的未成年人而言,由于其在此阶段的特殊身心状况,该群体更容易遇到心理和身体上的问题.基于此,本文从实际出发,结合《未成年人保护法》进行分析研究,为进一步保护未成年人身心健康合法权益做出相应的建议.并且就社会层面对少年阶段的未成年人身心保护...     

试论未成年人处置的宽容性

随着《中华人民共和国未成年人保护法》和《中华人民共和国预防未成年人犯罪法》等法律的相继出台，人们越来越关注作为社会的弱势群体——未成年人的特殊保护问题，开始建构未成年人的家庭保护、学校保护、社会保护、司法保护等全方位的保护体系，在实践中产生了较好的社会效益。笔者认为违法犯罪未成年人的司法保护的重要特点。“宽容”一词源于《荀子·非十二子》：“遇贱而少者，则修告导宽容之义。”意为宽恕能容人。因而所谓处置的宽容性，就是指在追究法律责任的过程中和法律责任的适用上，采用较宽恕的法律标准和较容人的适用方式。…     

刑罚适用区域性考察及其罚则改革研究（上）

根据联合国《儿童权利公约》的规定，未成年人本为拥有独立“权利”的个体，应当予以有别于成年人的特殊法律保护。就此，联系我国有关情况看，虽然我国早在1991年业已批准联合国《儿童权利公约》，并在之后相继出台了《未成年人保护法》、《预防未成年人犯罪法》等一系列关涉儿童权益保护的法律、法规等。但是，毋庸讳言，在刑事立法与司法领域，特别是在刑罚种类设计及其适用上，我国立法机关在对未成年人的特殊保护上，所做相当不够。例如，迄今为止，对未成年人犯罪，除《刑4法》第17条法定的应予“从轻或者减轻处罚”规定外，无论是刑种设计还是其他刑罚裁量制度、执行制度上，国家均无针对未成年犯罪人的专门性规定。     

Power and transformational and transactional leadership in public and private organizations

Ten public and 35 private organizations located in Central New York State participated in a university- sponsored research project to study the effects of organizational characteristics upon types of leadership (transformational/transactional) and power demonstrated by supervisors. Public sector organizations in which managers had low control over rewards were compared to private sector organizations in which managers had high control over rewards.

Followers perceived public sector supervisors as more inspirational by their followers and they used more active management-by-exception behavior than those in private organizations. Private sector supervisors had more reward, legitimate and coercive power than supervisors in public sector organizations.     

Natural Resources and Small Island Economies: Mauritius and Trinidad and Tobago

Abstract

Historically, small economies, especially resource-rich ones, underperformed on average relative to their larger counterparts. Small island economies appear still more disadvantaged due to remoteness from both markets and agglomeration economies. Yet a comparison of two small island economies with similar initial conditions other than their mineral endowment suggests that policy outweighs size, isolation and resource endowment in determining economic performance. Resource-poor Mauritius adopted an unfashionable policy of export manufacturing that systematically eliminated surplus labour, which drove economic diversification that sustained rapid GDP growth and political maturation. Like most resource-rich economies, Trinidad and Tobago pursued policies that absorbed rent too rapidly, which impeded diversification and created an illusory prosperity vulnerable to collapse.     

Russian stereotypes and myths of Ukraine and Ukrainians and why Novorossiya failed

This article discusses two inter-related issues. Firstly, the factors lying behind Russia's fervent belief that its Novorossiya (New Russia) project, aimed to bring back to Russia eight oblasts of Donetsk, Luhansk, Kharkiv, Dnipro, Zaporizhhya, Odesa, Mykolayiv, and Kherson in eastern and southern Ukraine and launched during the 2014 “Russian Spring,” would be successful. Russian identity misunderstood, and continues to misunderstand, Ukraine and Ukrainians through stereotypes and myths of Ukraine as an “artificial state” and Ukraine's Russian speakers as “fraternal brothers” and Russians and Ukrainians as “one people” (odin narod). Secondly, why Ukrainian national identity was different than these Russian stereotypes and myths and how this led to the failure of the Novorossiya project. Russian stereotypes and myths of Ukraine and Ukrainians came face to face with the reality of Russian-speaking Ukrainian patriotism and their low support for the Russkij Mir (Russian World). The article compares Russian stereotypes and myths of Ukraine and Ukrainians with how Ukrainians see themselves to explain the roots of the 2014 crisis, “Russian Spring,” and failure of Russian President Vladimir Putin's Novorossiya project.     

现代化与未成年人犯罪

未成人犯罪随着现代化的发展而发展，这可以说是一种国际现象。在现代化进程中，我国未成年人犯罪大量增多的原因在于：未成年人生理、心理发展不平衡，家庭教育存在缺失，学校教育存在不足，社会上存在着很多消极因素。在现代化进程中，必须采取有效对策，控制未成年人犯罪增多，才能保障未成年人健康成长。     

Earnings and ethnicity in Trinidad and Tobago

This study employs 1993 Continuous Sample Survey of the Population (CSSP) data for Trinidad and Tobago to investigate the determinants of earnings by ethnicity. The data, organised into three ethnic groupings, reveal lower levels of remuneration in the labour market for Africans and Indians than for individuals of other ethnicities taken as a whole. While the larger portion of the earnings differentials generally appears to be explained by ethnic differences in characteristics valued by the labour market, Africans and Indians would benefit substantially if they were to receive the same rates of remuneration for their educational endowments as workers of other ethnicities in the Trinidad and Tobago labour market. Notwithstanding Indians’ lowest average earnings, Africans appear more likely to be discriminated against.     

Country size and economic growth and development

This paper attempts to provide limited empirical evidence on the nature of the relationship between country size and rates of economic growth and levels of economic development, and on the possible effects of trade concentration and dependence on trade on this relationship. It suggests that there is no discernible association between country size and economic development, nor between country size and economic growth, and that neither the dependence on trade of small countries nor their commodity and geographic export concentration are necessarily important factors in economic growth and economic development.     

“两抢”犯罪的趋势与防控

根据最近16年的统计数据，我国“两抢”犯罪总体呈上升态势，且出现多方面的特点。当前，影响“两抢”犯罪变化趋势的因素主要有：社会管理机制完善的程度、社会成员之间收入的差距、“两抢”犯罪主体特点、社会成员的防范意识以及公安机关的防控机制等。预防“两抢”犯罪需要整个社会尤其是公安机关的共同努力。     

Government and Corruption: Scylla and Charybdis

Using public sector employment and corruption perception data for 72 countries across the world, this article demonstrates that despite common notion countries with “smaller” governments do not tend to have lower corruption. Under general assumptions, one can demonstrate that there is an optimal size of public sector employment corresponding to the highest capital intensity. The model has several implications: lower optimal sizes of governments for labor intensive countries and higher sizes for capital intensive ones, possibility to reduce corruption paying a cost of suboptimal output, and a higher “price” of an oversized government for labor intensive countries.