论我国校园警务机制的有效构建——校园安全事件频发后的反思

近期一些地方接连发生伤害在校小学生和幼儿园儿童的恶性案件再一次表明，日益复杂的校园安全形势正成为目前影响社会稳定、容易引发社会动荡不安的一大隐患。设立校园警察，强化校园安全立法，是现代各国应对校园安全形势的普遍做法。我国在此方面尚无作为，但可以借鉴他国的成功经验，尽快出台《校园安全法》，建立完整有效的校园安全法律保障制度。当前，最为重要之事，就是明确校园警察的法律地位，以促进校园警务机制的尽快构建和良性发展，为校园安全管理提供坚实的保障。     

美国校园警察体制及对我国的启示

美国高校校园安全管理体制由校园警察体制、保卫体制、保安（雇佣）体制等多种体制构成。绝大多数公立大学、著名私立大学都采取校园警察体制。校园警察的主要职能是执法和服务，并执行各高校制定的规章制度；是美国高校安全保障工作的重要组成部分。本文运用大量文献资料描述了校园警察的法律地位、机构机制、录用及培训、经费及编制等细节，并在此基础上对中国高校安全管理体制进行了讨论和分析。美国与中国在社会体制、政治制度以及历史传统和问题背景存在一定差异，但作为一种问题解决途径，美国校园警察的经验和思路对我国现阶段而言，不无裨益。     

主题研讨：法治校园：高校校园安全风险及其防范

高校校园安全已经成为社会各界关注的焦点。高校校园安全风险源于社会、学校、家庭以及学生自身等多方面的因素。我国高校校园安全风险的现行法防范存在不足，在处理校园安全问题时适用难度较大。我国应尽快出台《校园安全法》，建全校园安全法律体系；引入校园警察机制与多部门合作；进一步加强校园安全防范教育与管理；建立多元化的社会教育服务体系，充分发挥社会组织的作用，运用社工理念加强引导，营造和谐的校园秩序。     

表象与内在:预防校园欺凌的现实困境与进路

校园欺凌基于其攻击性、暴力性及危害性在社会中造成了相当程度的负面影响,从而成为近些年来社会关注的焦点。在国家层面上,我国逐步出台了相关规范性文件或者指导意见对此予以规制,然而,这并没有实现所欲的结果。究其原因,这与相关立法或者制度设计本身存在的缺失有关,其中有对校园欺凌定义或者范围界定不准、校园欺凌管控主体责任不明、针对校园欺凌者的应对措施威慑力不足等弊病。在实质方面,这和校园欺凌管控制度设计与相关基础性理论的冲突有关。这主要表现为我国校园欺凌立法或者制度设计与平衡原理或者社会学习理论相悖,这是相关的校园欺凌制度或者规范性文件不能发挥应有效能的深层因素。因此,应当进行针对性、实用性的校园欺凌制度设计,从而实现校园欺凌现实与逻辑的有效对接及重构。     

我国学校安全立法模式研究

学校安全问题是我国社会当前关注的热点问题,有关学校安全立法的呼声不断。由于对学校安全问题的根源缺乏全面、系统的分析,以及对学校安全立法的必要性论证不足,因而有关学校安全立法的建议多停留在中央立法层面,而较少关注地方立法,并且对综合立法和单行立法模式的选择缺乏深入讨论。从我国已有的学校安全立法来看,学校安全问题的发生既有立法不足的因素,也有执法不力的原因,未来学校安全立法要充分考虑到现实性和可行性,以及学校安全自身的特殊性和综合性。要解决现有学校安全立法不足和基于立法粗疏及可操作性差导致的执法不力问题,当前最优选择是制定一部省级地方性法规而非行政法规层面的学校安全条例。     

公安机关应对校园安全危机的角色定位

校园安全危机已成为我国社会普遍关注的问题之一。应对校园安全危机除了采取社会、学校、家庭和学生自身参与的综合治理措施外，公安机关是应对校园安全危机的重要角色和力量。校园社区警务模式的推行对解决校园安全危机应大有作为。     

高校学生安全管理的法理分析与制度建构

我国目前有关校园安全的法律资源匮乏,制定一部全国性、高位阶性的《校园安全法》刻不容缓。学生安全在高校校园安全中居于核心位置,应作为《校园安全法》的重要篇章。通过对学生安全、学生安全管理分别进行公共安全与公共行政的定性,并解析安全管理活动中各主体间权利义务关系,可以为立法研究奠定理论基础。立足于此,描绘出安全管理的主要机构、安全管理的不同维度并建构相应制度,将有望推动高校学生安全管理活动的变革。     

法治正未有穷期,需待民意铸轨轮——2005年立法盘点

2005年的中国立法,民主立法是今年立法方法的显著特点。从立法内容上看,今年在通过立法完善市场经济法律制度,推动市场经济改革方面是成效卓著,这反映在物权法的审议,公司法和证券法的修改出台。同时,在严格规范警察权力和加强公务员管理,加强公民权利保护方面也取得了重要进展。     

中韩校园暴力特征、成因及对策比较

中国与韩国同为东北亚国家,校园暴力是两国青少年学校生活中共同面临的问题。在"校园暴力"概念界定方面,韩国较早通过了国家立法形式的确认,在类型划分方面中韩两国具有较高的相似度,但仍存在不同。在校园暴力成因方面从个人、家庭、学校、社会四个角度进行比较研究,可为国内校园暴力问题研究提供必要的域外参考。在校园暴力应对方面,韩国校园暴力防控的立法实践、公共力量参与、专业化的救济与矫治等具体做法都可为国内的相关应对工作提供借鉴。     

论我国社会组织地方立法的完善

社会组织是由公民、法人自发成立的,以实现公共利益或特定群体利益为目的的组织,在社会生活中扮演重要角色。鉴于社会组织在各地发展的差异性,地方立法应在社会组织立法过程中发挥更加重要的作用。同时,要注意通过地方的实践,推动国家立法的发展。在地方立法实践中,要改革社会组织登记制度、完善政府购买公共服务机制,并进一步完善对社会组织的监管制度。     

Power and transformational and transactional leadership in public and private organizations

Ten public and 35 private organizations located in Central New York State participated in a university- sponsored research project to study the effects of organizational characteristics upon types of leadership (transformational/transactional) and power demonstrated by supervisors. Public sector organizations in which managers had low control over rewards were compared to private sector organizations in which managers had high control over rewards.

Followers perceived public sector supervisors as more inspirational by their followers and they used more active management-by-exception behavior than those in private organizations. Private sector supervisors had more reward, legitimate and coercive power than supervisors in public sector organizations.     

Natural Resources and Small Island Economies: Mauritius and Trinidad and Tobago

Abstract

Historically, small economies, especially resource-rich ones, underperformed on average relative to their larger counterparts. Small island economies appear still more disadvantaged due to remoteness from both markets and agglomeration economies. Yet a comparison of two small island economies with similar initial conditions other than their mineral endowment suggests that policy outweighs size, isolation and resource endowment in determining economic performance. Resource-poor Mauritius adopted an unfashionable policy of export manufacturing that systematically eliminated surplus labour, which drove economic diversification that sustained rapid GDP growth and political maturation. Like most resource-rich economies, Trinidad and Tobago pursued policies that absorbed rent too rapidly, which impeded diversification and created an illusory prosperity vulnerable to collapse.     

Russian stereotypes and myths of Ukraine and Ukrainians and why Novorossiya failed

This article discusses two inter-related issues. Firstly, the factors lying behind Russia's fervent belief that its Novorossiya (New Russia) project, aimed to bring back to Russia eight oblasts of Donetsk, Luhansk, Kharkiv, Dnipro, Zaporizhhya, Odesa, Mykolayiv, and Kherson in eastern and southern Ukraine and launched during the 2014 “Russian Spring,” would be successful. Russian identity misunderstood, and continues to misunderstand, Ukraine and Ukrainians through stereotypes and myths of Ukraine as an “artificial state” and Ukraine's Russian speakers as “fraternal brothers” and Russians and Ukrainians as “one people” (odin narod). Secondly, why Ukrainian national identity was different than these Russian stereotypes and myths and how this led to the failure of the Novorossiya project. Russian stereotypes and myths of Ukraine and Ukrainians came face to face with the reality of Russian-speaking Ukrainian patriotism and their low support for the Russkij Mir (Russian World). The article compares Russian stereotypes and myths of Ukraine and Ukrainians with how Ukrainians see themselves to explain the roots of the 2014 crisis, “Russian Spring,” and failure of Russian President Vladimir Putin's Novorossiya project.     

Earnings and ethnicity in Trinidad and Tobago

This study employs 1993 Continuous Sample Survey of the Population (CSSP) data for Trinidad and Tobago to investigate the determinants of earnings by ethnicity. The data, organised into three ethnic groupings, reveal lower levels of remuneration in the labour market for Africans and Indians than for individuals of other ethnicities taken as a whole. While the larger portion of the earnings differentials generally appears to be explained by ethnic differences in characteristics valued by the labour market, Africans and Indians would benefit substantially if they were to receive the same rates of remuneration for their educational endowments as workers of other ethnicities in the Trinidad and Tobago labour market. Notwithstanding Indians’ lowest average earnings, Africans appear more likely to be discriminated against.     

现代化与未成年人犯罪

未成人犯罪随着现代化的发展而发展，这可以说是一种国际现象。在现代化进程中，我国未成年人犯罪大量增多的原因在于：未成年人生理、心理发展不平衡，家庭教育存在缺失，学校教育存在不足，社会上存在着很多消极因素。在现代化进程中，必须采取有效对策，控制未成年人犯罪增多，才能保障未成年人健康成长。     

Country size and economic growth and development

This paper attempts to provide limited empirical evidence on the nature of the relationship between country size and rates of economic growth and levels of economic development, and on the possible effects of trade concentration and dependence on trade on this relationship. It suggests that there is no discernible association between country size and economic development, nor between country size and economic growth, and that neither the dependence on trade of small countries nor their commodity and geographic export concentration are necessarily important factors in economic growth and economic development.     

“两抢”犯罪的趋势与防控

根据最近16年的统计数据，我国“两抢”犯罪总体呈上升态势，且出现多方面的特点。当前，影响“两抢”犯罪变化趋势的因素主要有：社会管理机制完善的程度、社会成员之间收入的差距、“两抢”犯罪主体特点、社会成员的防范意识以及公安机关的防控机制等。预防“两抢”犯罪需要整个社会尤其是公安机关的共同努力。     

Government and Corruption: Scylla and Charybdis

Using public sector employment and corruption perception data for 72 countries across the world, this article demonstrates that despite common notion countries with “smaller” governments do not tend to have lower corruption. Under general assumptions, one can demonstrate that there is an optimal size of public sector employment corresponding to the highest capital intensity. The model has several implications: lower optimal sizes of governments for labor intensive countries and higher sizes for capital intensive ones, possibility to reduce corruption paying a cost of suboptimal output, and a higher “price” of an oversized government for labor intensive countries.