中国男性青少年骨龄鉴定方法

目的研制我国当代男性青少年骨关节X线的法医学骨龄鉴定标准。方法摄取11～20周岁男性青少年X线片,根据继发骨化中心出现、干-骺闭合的影像学特征将骨发育程度分级,用SPSS、SAS软件统计分析。结果大部分指标与年龄呈中度以上相关;建立了推断年龄的最优多元回归方程及判定是否已满14、16和18周岁的判别方程。结论选用多部位、多指标综合推断骨龄可提高准确率;该法适用于国人青少年活体年龄的判定。     

53例青少年X线片骨龄鉴定分析

本文作者对53例14~22岁当事人的年龄鉴定案的案件性质、作案距鉴定的间隔时间、自报年龄与户籍年龄差距、鉴定年龄与自报年龄或户籍年龄的符合率进行了分类统计分析,并对骨龄鉴定的准确性及其在诉讼中的证据效力进行了探讨,针对骨龄鉴定的现状提出一点建议。1资料与方法53例被鉴定人的身体左侧肩、肘、腕(包括手)、髋、膝、踝等6个部位的386张X线片,来自2002年4月~2006年2月作者日常受理的骨龄鉴定案件。1.1被鉴定人情况53名被鉴定人,男性51人(96.23%),女性2人(3.77%),男女之比约为25:1,且男性全部为嫌疑人,女性全部为受害人。来自农村的48…     

中国汉族女性青少年法医学活体骨龄推断数学模型的建立

目的建立推断中国汉族女性青少年活体骨龄的数学模型。方法摄取华中、华南及华东等地区的838名年龄介于11～20周岁正常女性青少年双侧锁骨胸骨端以及左侧肩、肘、腕、髋、膝、踝关节的X线片。依据青少年骨发育分级标准对24项骨骼发育指标进行阅片、分级,结合考虑身高、体质量及地区等影响因素．应用SAS8．1及SPSS11．0软件进行统计学处理,探索各指标与年龄的相关性。结果建立了我国汉族女性青少年利用锁骨胸骨端及6大关节骨骺闭合程度联合推断活体年龄的多元回归数学模型．推导出判定我国汉族女性青少年是否已满14、16和18周岁的Fisher’S两类判别分析方程。结论本研究所建立的判定活体年龄的数学模型丰富了活体年龄的法医学鉴定方法,有利于提高活体骨龄鉴定方法的科学性和结论的准确性。     

根据超生反应推断死亡时间的研究概况

死亡时间推断是指通过一定的手段推测尸体从检查时距死亡时刻的间隔时间（postmortem interval）,是法医实际工作中首先要解决的重要任务之一.准确推断死亡时间,在很大程度上能为刑事案件的侦破提供重要的线索,划定侦查范围,确定犯罪嫌疑人有无作案时间乃至确定案件性质和阐明作案过程均有重要意义.     

司法鉴定中303例骨龄小于“年龄”分析

目的探讨司法鉴定中骨龄小于"年龄"的现象和可能原因。方法参考中国人手腕骨发育标准CHN法附带的检验样本所提供的骨龄验证值,结合鉴定时公安机关提供的"年龄"、"户籍"等相关资料,并追踪回访部分案例,对829例使用CHN法行骨龄司法鉴定资料进行回顾性分析。结果骨龄小于"年龄"共303例,占(303/829)36.6%,在742例有"年龄"案例组中占(303/742)40.8%。如以两者差值小于0.5岁(含0.5岁)为正常范围内计则降至190例,所占比例为(190/829)22.9%和(190/742)25.6%。差值在0.5岁以内时与骨龄值相近的"年龄"可信度最高,在0.6～2.0岁时难以确定何者有误,但随差值增大"年龄"有误可能性上升。"年龄"和骨龄本身诸多不确定因素均可导致骨龄小于"年龄",并可能是多种因素共同影响的结果。结论在鉴定实践中骨龄小于"年龄"发生率不低;鉴定结论以综合评估后谨慎使用为宜。     

《中国青少年骨龄鉴定标准图谱法》征订启事

正由司法部司法鉴定科学技术研究所朱广友研究员、王亚辉副研究员、万雷助理研究员主编的《中国青少年骨龄鉴定标准图谱法》已于2016年1月由上海科学技术文献出版社出版发行。本书的主要作者长期从事青少年骨骼年龄法医学鉴定与科学研究,先后进行了中国汉族、维吾尔族和藏族青少年骨发育状况的大样本调查,并在此基础上完成了法医学活体年龄推断技术和中国青     

男性青少年X线片的骨骺特征及年龄推断

根据骨骺的愈合程度推断青少年年龄。本文对河南周口地区 2 10名 13～ 2 0周岁的男性青少年拍摄了左侧肩、肘、腕、髋、膝、踝关节的X线片。对上述关节的近端及远端骨骺进行观察分析 ,选取与年龄变化关系密切的2 7项骨骺愈合指标。并对其进行分级、评分 ,用SPSS软件进行统计学处理 ,建立了多关节骨骺愈合程度推断男性青少年年龄的多元回归方程。选取了其中 4个复相关系数最高 (r =0 75 8～ 0 787) ,且标准误最低者 (SE =1 0 136～1 0 70 1)的多元回归方程。根据多个关节的骨骺愈合情况综合评价判定青少年的年龄 ,可提高年龄判定的准确性。     

基于MRI推断青少年活体骨龄的研究现状与展望

青少年活体骨龄推断在司法审判、儿童生长发育、竞技体育等多领域具有重要价值,但目前骨龄鉴定实践囿于放射性检查的伦理学困境,且现有标准体系难以满足我国新近刑事责任年龄节点下调的现实需求,是当下法医学骨龄推断理论与实践的瓶颈.本文从MRI这一无辐射影像技术出发,阐述其近年来应用MRI推断青少年活体骨龄的研究现状,并分析目前存...     

根据牙齿磨耗度推断年龄的研究

有关牙齿磨耗度与年龄的关系,已有许多学者进行了研究。目前,如何缩小推断年龄误差和提高推断年龄的准确性,是法医工作者所瞩目的问题。在日本,竹井哲司应用数量化第I类理论、多元回归的方法及电子计算机技术,对牙齿磨耗度与年龄的关系进行了研究,得出了推断年龄方程。多元逐步回归的方法较多元回归法可筛选出较好的变量,得出最优回归方程,而用此法进行本     

CHN骨龄在司法鉴定中的应用价值

目的探讨CHN(中国人手腕骨发育标准CHN法)骨龄在司法鉴定中的应用价值,分析影响其准确性的因素及相关问题。方法对522例年龄鉴定者,均选用不同曝光值拍摄两张左手腕部正位X线片,并加照两次斜位片。使用CHN法测评骨龄。结果522例中男性489例,女性33例。男性达CHN骨龄最高值18.4岁者129例,余平均骨龄16.5岁。女性达CHN骨龄最高值17.3岁者14例,余平均骨龄15.7岁。CHN骨龄在16.0岁以上者共388例,占约74.3%。本组资料显示多种因素影响骨龄鉴定的准确性,其中以骨龄片位置及角度的变化等影响最大。结论如能获得高质量的X线片、并能熟练使用CHN法、注意利用位置和角度的变化正确判定骨骺分级,CHN骨龄基本可满足活体年龄鉴定的需要。     

A multiplex analysis of RNA expression during injury healing in human dermal injuries for injury age estimation

The determination of the timing of a human dermal injury is important in forensic work as it provides valuable information that helps evaluate the relationship between the injury and the crime, and aids in the reconstruction of a crime. In spite of its importance, currently there are no routinely used methods for the accurate estimation of human dermal injury age. In this study, we developed a RNA based multiplex assay to simultaneously investigate the mRNA expression of chymase 1 (CMA1), collagen type III alpha I (COL3A1), dual specificity phosphate 1 (DUSP1), interleukin 1beta (IL1β), interleukin 2 (IL2), interleukin 6 (IL6), interleukin 7 (IL7), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) in human dermal injuries to identify and evaluate their suitability for human dermal injury age estimation. The mRNA expression patterns observed for CMA1, DUSP1, IL1β, IL7, TNFα and VEGFA suggest they have potential to estimate human dermal injury age, especially during the early stages (days) of injury healing.     

Comparison of methods to determine sex by evaluating the greater sciatic notch: Visual, angular and geometric morphometrics

Sex estimation is the first step for biological profile reconstruction of an unknown skeleton (archaeological or contemporary) and consequently for positive identification of skeletal remains recovered from forensic settings. Several tools have been developed using different osseous structures. With the intention to provide an objective method comparison, we reported the analysis of three different methods (visual, metric and geometric morphometrics) for sex assessment of the greater sciatic notch. One hundred and thirty pelvic bones (45.4% females and 54.6% males) from the National Autonomous University of Mexico Skeletal Collection pertaining to the contemporary Mexican population were analyzed. We used the ROC-analysis to test between desired false positive thresholds (1-specificity) and expected true positive rates (sensitivity) in order to predict the best approach to sex assessment. The comparison of the area under the ROC-curves shows significant differences among visual and metric methods. At the same time, the analysis suggested that higher morphological variation among the sexes is independent of the methodological approach. The results indicate that the metric (angle), with a high percent of indeterminate cases (34.6%), and visual, with 26.2% of the cases allocated as intermediate cases, were poorly accurate; we cannot recommend these techniques for sexing an unknown specimen. On the other hand, the geometric morphometrics approach improves sex estimation in 82.3% of correctly classified individuals with more than 95% of posterior probability. In addition to the method comparison, the major sexual variation of the greater sciatic notch was determined to be located on its posterior border.     

Integrating Growth Variability of the Ilium,Fifth Lumbar Vertebra,and Clavicle with Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines Models for Subadult Age Estimation

Subadult age estimation should rely on sampling and statistical protocols capturing development variability for more accurate age estimates. In this perspective, measurements were taken on the fifth lumbar vertebrae and/or clavicles of 534 French males and females aged 0–19 years and the ilia of 244 males and females aged 0–12 years. These variables were fitted in nonparametric multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) models with 95% prediction intervals (PIs) of age. The models were tested on two independent samples from Marseille and the Luis Lopes reference collection from Lisbon. Models using ilium width and module, maximum clavicle length, and lateral vertebral body heights were more than 92% accurate. Precision was lower for postpubertal individuals. Integrating punctual nonlinearities of the relationship between age and the variables and dynamic prediction intervals incorporated the normal increase in interindividual growth variability (heteroscedasticity of variance) with age for more biologically accurate predictions.     

Evaluation of post-mortem estimated dental age versus real age: a retrospective 21-year survey

The aim of the study was to evaluate the reliability of methods used for forensic dental age estimation. We analysed all cases over the last 21 years (1984-2004) of unidentified bodies that were examined for identification purposes (including age assessment), and of which secure identification was subsequently achieved. In total, the study included 51 cases and 7 different methods had been used for dental age estimation, with the Bang/Ramm and the Gustafson/Johanson methods being the most frequently applied. The age estimates had usually been recorded as 10-year intervals. Factual ages at death were in the range of 6-76 years, with the largest concentration of cases being in the age interval of 25-55 years (34 cases). There was good agreement between estimated age interval and factual age at death in 37/51 (72%) of the cases. In eight cases the factual age at death deviated up to +/-5 years from the estimated age, and in six cases by more than 6 years. The average difference between factual age at death and estimated age was 4.5 years. The four subadults in the material were all correctly estimated within an age range of +/-3 years. Our study showed that forensic odontological age estimates are reliable. However, the implementation of the specific methods may need to be adjusted concerning age ranges. In the future we recommend to register anamnestic information and the different steps in the methods used. Clinical evaluation should contain more details about attrition, colour, number and presumed age of the restorations and periodontal status.     

Age estimation of Korean adults by occlusal tooth wear

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the validity of the modified Kim's scoring system as a practical method of recording occlusal tooth wear and estimating age. For this purpose, 1092 pairs of maxillary and mandibular full-arch casts were randomly selected, scored, and analyzed. The results showed that the modified Kim's scoring system had excellent reliability, and that occlusal tooth wear had a positive correlation with age. Tooth wear scores of all teeth except the two lower central incisors were higher in males than in females. Calculating tables for age estimation were designed by multiple linear regression analysis. Estimated ages were within +/-5 years of actual ages in 63.5% of male subjects, and 64.0% of female subjects. The accuracy of age estimation was increased when the subjects were divided into two age groups and data were re-analyzed. Collectively, it was shown that the modified Kim's scoring system is a reliable and accurate method for age estimation, and that the data from these 1092 individuals can be used as a standard for age estimation of Korean adults.     

Age Estimation of Adult Living Donor by Pubic MSCT Three-dimensional ReconstructionCSCD

Objective: To establish a method for the age estimation of adult living donor based on pubic MSCT three-dimensional reconstruction and verify its accuracy and reliability. Methods: The volume rendering (VR)image data of pubic symphysis surface were collected from 300 volunteers aged over 17 years old. According to different age groups, the age estimation of these volunteers was performed by the method and formula of pubic symphysis surface. Results: In the 300 volunteers, the difference between biological age and actual age was <1 year in 117 cases, >1-2 years in 178 cases, >2 years in 5 cases. Conclusion: MSCT three-dimensional reconstruction technology of pubic symphysis surface can be used to estimate the age of adult living donor, which can provide a high accurate and reliable result. © 2018 by the Editorial Department of Journal of Forensic Medicine.     

Age estimation by occlusal tooth wear

The purpose of the present investigation was to test the accuracy of a new scoring system in recording tooth wear for age estimation. The material consisted of dental stone casts of 383 volunteers who had sound premolars and molars with normal occlusion. The degree of occlusal wear for all premolar and molar teeth was scored with the new system. The high intra- and inter-examiner concordances showed that the new score system was very reliable. The degree of tooth wear showed a significant positive correlation with age in each and every examined tooth of both males and females. Tooth wear scores of males were higher than those of females. Calculating tables for age estimation were designed and the accuracy of age estimation was obtained with the General Linear Models procedures. Our system could provide estimation of an individual's age within +/-3 years in 42.4% of males and 49.4% of females, within +/-5 years in 61.8% of males and 63.3% of females. When the subjects were divided into two age groups and data were re-treated, the accuracy of age estimation was increased. Collectively, it was shown that our new system for scoring tooth wear is a reliable and accurate method for age estimation.     

Radiographic age estimation based on degenerative changes of vertebrae

Age estimation is an important component of decedent identification. When assessing adult remains, anthropologists frequently use gross examination of skeletal elements, such as clavicles, ribs, and pubic symphyses. For fleshed bodies, this requires the removal of these elements and maceration prior to analysis. A new method was developed using radiographic imaging to estimate age from degenerative changes of the lower thoracic and upper lumbar vertebrae. This technique will complement anthropological age estimation methods in young and middle-aged adults and may serve as a stand-alone method for older individuals. Digital radiographs from 240 medical examiner cases were evaluated. The sample included 120 females and 120 males between the ages of 18 and 101 years. A 3-phased scoring system was used for the target vertebrae. Transition analysis was conducted on binned average scores and a Bayesian approach was used to assign age intervals. At the 90% credible interval, individuals in Bin 1 were under 36 years of age while those in Bin 3 were over 47 years of age. Individuals in Bin 2 showed too much age variation to be informative. No significant differences were found between males and females. These findings will be especially useful in the age estimation of older adults and may eliminate the need for skeletal sampling in medicolegal cases where advanced degenerative changes are radiographically observed in the lower thoracic and/or upper lumbar vertebrae. This method was developed for use on fleshed individuals but may also be applicable to skeletonized remains.     

Factors predicting selection of sexually violent predators for civil commitment

This study investigated the degree to which independent variables predicted civil commitment selection in a sample of 450 sexual offenders evaluated for civil commitment as "sexually violent predators" under Florida's Jimmy Ryce Act. Using logistic regression, this study examined the relationship between the dependent variable, commitment recommendation, and several sets of independent variables. Results revealed that the statistically significant predictors of recommendations for sex offender civil commitment were diagnoses of pedophilia and paraphilia not otherwise specified (NOS), psychopathy, actuarial risk assessment scores, younger age of victim, and nonminority race (R2 = .88). Discriminant function analysis confirmed that these variables correctly predicted commitment recommendations in 90% of cases. Sex offenders recommended for commitment consistently met the criteria set forth by the U.S. Supreme Court in Kansas v. Hendricks (1997): They suffered from a mental abnormality predisposing them to sexual violence, and risk assessment determined that they were likely to reoffend.     

Age Estimation by Amino Acid Racemization in Human Teeth

Abstract: When an unidentified body is found, it is essential to establish the personal identity of the body in addition to investigating the cause of death. Identification is one of the most important functions of forensic dentistry. Fingerprint, dental, and DNA analysis can be used to accurately identify a body. However, if no information is available for identification, age estimation can contribute to the resolution of a case. The authors have been using aspartic acid racemization rates in dentin (D‐aspartic acid/L ‐ aspartic acid : D/L Asp) as an index for age estimation and have obtained satisfactory results. We report five cases of age estimation using the racemization method. In all five cases, estimated ages were accurate within a range ±3 years. We conclude that the racemization method is a reliable and practical method for estimating age.