中国行政法律文化30年演变与发展

行政法律文化是行政法治的灵魂,一个国家的行政法律文化,直接影响着该国行政法治的水平。从1978年十一届三中全会至今,我国的行政法律文化正处在由传统到现代的历史性嬗变过程中,即由权力本位逐步在走向权利本位;管理行政理念正在让渡服务行政理念;行政法治理念亦在渐渐取代行政人治理念,责任政府理念、民主政府理念、诚信政府理念等已成为民众的内心渴望和追求。现代行政法律文化逐步形成,并进一步繁荣、发展,推动着我国法治社会的建设。     

网络文化市场的法治化监管

我国网络文化市场发展体量大、速度快,对其监管具有经济管理和意识形态管理双重属性。随着国家全面依法治国和治理现代化的深入推进,我国网络文化市场法治化监管的基本框架得以形塑,并释放着建构价值。然而,网络文化市场法治化监管在实践中还面临法律依据不完善、监管理念转型难、政府监管待优化、监管生态建设不足等问题,因此需要以法治思维和法治方式构建缜密完善的法律体系,持续推进监管理念转型,着力强化政府监管,构建良好的监管生态。     

用新发展理念引领司法行政工作向更高水平发展

党的十八届五中全会提出了"创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享"五大发展理念,这是党在新时期对发展理念的创新。五大发展理念不仅是我国国民经济和社会发展长期、宏观的指导思想,也是引领司法行政工作科学发展的重要遵循和基本方向。"十三五"开局之年,天津市各级司法行政机关要在思想上准确把握、在行动上深入践行五大发展新理念,认真谋划和做好司法行政各项工作,不断提升服务经济社会发展大局的能力和水平,推动司法行政工作再上新台阶。     

网络暴力治理的法治化转型及立法体系建构

网络暴力问题是新时代国家治理过程中的重大性、交叉性、领域性难题。当前我国治理网络暴力的相关法律规定内容分散且缺乏协调配合，在权责主体、制裁措施、救济方式等方面存在制度疏漏，无法有效回应对于网络暴力问题的治理需求。积极推进网络暴力治理的法治化转型及立法体系建构，是纾解我国网络暴力治理困局之关键。推动网络暴力治理的法治化转型，既要树立协同共治理念，实现多元治理主体的协同以及法律与技术的协同，也要确立系统性法治模式，充分发挥部门法的协同共治功能。在协同共治理念与系统性法治模式的指引下，应遵循领域性立法思维，制定反网络暴力法，搭建网络暴力治理的基本法律制度框架，完善网络暴力治理配套法律法规制度，构建起网络暴力治理领域的专门性立法体系，全面实现我国网络暴力治理的法治现代化转型。     

党政合设、合署背景下的行政法治变革与完善

在地方治理中探索党政合设、合署的行政法治变革,既是新时代行政法的重要命题,也反映出国家治理能力现代化、"中国共产党领导"的宪法定位以及服务型政府建设的共同要求。此次党政合署改革,应当坚持"依宪改革""中央统一领导""地方自主、积极"的法治理念,总结我国党政合署的有益经验,从权责统一、行政法与党规相协调、行政行为规范以及监督体系等四个方面,确立我国党政协作行政法治模式的基本框架。     

包容审慎监管的行政法理与中国实践

包容审慎监管是当前我国面对新经济业态发展提出的规制创新策略,具有极为深远的行政法治意义。面对科技发展与新经济业态的不确定性,包容审慎监管理念标志着现代行政法治的动态反思与演化趋势。从传统的规制理论角度观察,包容审慎监管的运行背后映射出回应性规制的执法策略、合作规制的运行范式以及规制试验主义的演进逻辑。包容审慎带有实质法治色彩的规制设计理念,有效运行不仅需要较为成熟的行政法治框架予以支撑,更需要现代行政国家的基础设施与行政能力予以辅助。在中国特色“发展型国家”的逻辑支配下,包容审慎监管的地方实践运行,往往较难实现包容与审慎之间的价值平衡,引发了一系列的监管困境与本土难题。包容审慎监管的中国图景也为理解规制与发展之间的二元关系提供了鲜活的制度样本。     

行政合规整改嵌入监管体系的路径及制度保障

近年来,合规治理的理念深刻影响着我国行政监管的改革,行政合规整改是我国行政监管的一次重要制度调整与尝试。实践中,行政合规整改制度嵌入传统监管体系,可以概括为合规义务转化为约定义务、法定义务以及倡导性义务三条规范路径。从制度保障的视角看,一方面,行政合规整改应当引入法治保障机制,坚持制裁与教育相结合原则、依法行政原则、比例原则以及正当程序原则;另一方面,行政合规整改应当建立实效保障机制,从界定适格对象、确立合规基准、建立义务履行机制以及设置激励措施四个方面提供制度保障。     

中国国家治理的进路选择:财税治理及其模式转换

随着中国经济从粗放到集约转型,国家治理正由传统的行政主导模式转向"共治、法治和善治"的现代治理模式。财税不仅要考量社会基础和国家性质,还要尊重市场机制,维持财税的中性特质。也源于此,财税治理必须与公共财政、民主政治与法治理念相适应,既要防范市场失灵,又要防范政府失灵。为此,应从横向层面加强代议制机构的民主职能,实现财税权力的合理配置;纵向方面有必要实行地方自治,推动政府间财政关系的法治化。     

维护市场经济法治精神须完善合同法——剖析深圳“问题商铺”买卖合同案

市场经济法治精神是中国经济法律环境的核心问题。维护公平、诚信和自主等市场经济法治精神,需要完善相关民商事立法和司法解释,实施有节制的行政监管。分析深圳怡景中心城"问题商铺"买卖合同案涉及到的立法、司法解释和行政监管问题,发现我国惩罚性赔偿制度的设计存在缺陷,应当建立一种可广泛适用的惩罚性赔偿制度;在合同私益领域期待行政监管干预合同纠纷的处理,是一种"政府依赖症",这种"病症"有其社会"病因",需从法律上提出"治疗"方案。     

全面依法治国视阈下的高校依法治理

在全面依法治国背景下,高校依法治理是实现高校治理体系和治理能力现代化、推动高校"双一流"建设应对国际高等教育竞争、规范高校自身运行的迫切需要.高校依法治理目前存在的主要问题是:对高校党委行政的关系认识不清晰、从人治到法治的思维转型尚未完成、适应高校职能不断扩展等依法治校能力明显欠缺等.高校应坚持党委领导与依法治校是一致的,运用法治思维与法治方式是依法治校的核心能力,通过建立分设高校党委、行政法律顾问制度、设立专门的校内法律事务机构等措施提升高校的法治气质,实现高校治理体系和治理能力现代化.     

Drugs in injured drivers in Denmark

As part of the project Impaired Motorists, Methods of Roadside Testing and Assessment for Licensing (IMMORTAL) under the European Commission's Transport RTD Programme of the 5th Framework Programme [I.M. Bernhoft, Drugs in accidents involved drivers in Denmark, D-R4.3 of the project Impaired Motorists, Methods Of Roadside Testing and Assessment for Licensing (IMMORTAL), www.immortal.or.at, 2005], a study regarding drugs in accident-involved drivers was carried out in Denmark. The main objectives of this study were: (1) to collect and analyse samples from injured drivers for the presence of drugs; (2) to give an indication whether drugs may have contributed to traffic accidents; and (3) to get information on the drug-positive drivers and their drug use. This paper focuses on objective 1. Injured drivers who were treated in hospital were asked to give a saliva sample, a blood sample or both. The samples were screened for the following substances: opiates, amphetamines, methamphetamines, incl. MDMA (ecstasy), cannabinoids and metabolites, cocaine and metabolites and benzodiazepines. Screenings were carried out by means of Cozart Microplate EIA kit. Positive screenings were confirmation analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) or liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). In total, 26 out of 330 patients were confirmed positive for one or more of the six drug groups. However, three patients were excluded from the survey for various reasons. Of the remaining 23 drug-positive patients 15 were found positive for one drug group, and in five of these cases alcohol was present in a concentration over the legal limit in Denmark (0.05%). The other eight patients were found positive for two drug groups, and in four of these cases, alcohol was also present in a concentration over the legal limit. Alcohol was found both in combinations with medicinal drugs, with illegal drugs and with both. Based on the saliva or blood concentrations, we estimate that there is a strong suspicion of impairment in 9 out of 23 cases, and in another six cases it was likely that the drivers were impaired.     

Fatal poisoning in drug addicts in the Nordic countries in 2007

The frequency of medico-legally examined fatal poisonings in 2007 among drug addicts was investigated in five Nordic countries; Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. The number of deaths, age, sex, place of death, main intoxicant, and other drugs present in blood samples were recorded to obtain national and comparable Nordic data, as well as data to compare with earlier studies in 2002, 1997, and 1991. Norway had the highest incidence of drug addict deaths by poisoning followed by Denmark, with 8.24 and 6.92 per 100,000 inhabitants, respectively. The death rates in Finland (4.02), Iceland (4.56), and Sweden (3.53) were about half that of Norway and Denmark. Compared with earlier studies, the death rates were unchanged in Denmark and Norway, but increased in Finland, Iceland, and Sweden. In all countries, fewer deaths (29-35%) were recorded in the capital area compared with earlier studies. Females accounted for 11-19% of the fatal poisonings. Iceland deviates with a more equal distribution between men and women (40%). Deaths from methadone overdoses increased in all Nordic countries, and methadone was the main intoxicant in Denmark in 2007, accounting for 51% of the poisonings. In Norway and Sweden, heroin/morphine was still the main intoxicant with a frequency of 68% and 48%, respectively. In Iceland, 3 deaths each were due to heroin/morphine and methadone, respectively. Finland differs from other Nordic countries in having a high number of poisonings caused by buprenorphine and very few caused by heroin/morphine. The total number of buprenorphine deaths in Finland doubled from 16 in 2002 to 32 in 2007, where it constituted 25% of deaths. The general toxicological screening program showed widespread multi-drug use in all countries. The median number of drugs per case varied from 3 to 5. The most frequently detected substances were heroin/morphine, methadone, buprenorphine, tramadol, amphetamine, cocaine, tetrahydrocannabinol, benzodiazepines and ethanol.     

Trustees in Cyprus regulated in 2007

Trust and company service providers in Cyprus are followingin the footsteps of their European counterparts and will toobe regulated at the beginning of 2007.     

2008年中国法治亮点巡礼

2008年，是中国法治进程稳步推进和稳健发展的一年，也是法治亮点频频闪现的一年。2008年的立法景观依然多姿多彩，科学立法、民主立法继续推进，公民对立法工作的有序参与进一步扩大，已出台的十一届全国人大常委会立法规划值得人们期待。此外，实施不久的《政府信息公开条例》、全面开展的监狱体制改革，以及此起彼伏的问责风暴等都是值得我们关注的法治亮点。     

Differences in female and male involvement in lethal violence in Russia

Relatively little is known of the distributions of homicide event characteristics in non-Western nations in which women relative to men are involved. This article utilizes unique homicide narratives drawn from Russian court and police records to compare homicide victim, offender, and event characteristics by sex of victim and separately by sex of offender. Results from logistic regression show that homicides in which a female was the victim or offender were more likely to occur between intimates and to occur in the home, whereas homicides involving males were more likely to occur in a public place, to be alcohol-related, to involve a firearm, and to involve a victim and offender who did not know each other well. These results not only present an important first glimpse at women as homicide victims and offenders in Russia specifically, but also provide a point of comparison with findings from similar analyses undertaken in the West, and present further initial observations upon which to construct a cohesive theory about female involvement in serious violent events.     

Trends in Non-Muslim Divorces in Singapore

This article examines the trends and patterns in the way thesecular divorce law has been utilized by couples in Singaporeseeking to end their marriage. Social and demographic featuresof the divorcing couples, as well as the ‘fact’relied on in support of their divorce petitions, are studiedand compared to earlier analyses. It is found that while somepatterns observed by earlier researchers have remained intact,others have changed. This article suggests explanations forthese observed patterns and contributes to the discussion onwhether and how the divorce law can be improved in Singaporeand elsewhere.     

Competence in caring in legal practice

This article is concerned with the stories of female solicitors working in Queensland, Australia, and their account of ethics in practice. These narratives were sought and made in the context of our project investigating complaints received against practitioners in this jurisdiction. Our interviews with female lawyers were intended to provide more insight into complaints matters. Yet this discussion revealed broader insights into ethical questions about the nature of lawyer–client relationships and legal professionalism. This article considers these accounts by reflecting on the concept of ‘care’ and its fit with legal practice requirements today. In doing so, we consider the difficult gendered question of the relationship between caring and ‘women's’ practice. We do not assert a true woman's working style; we seek to contextualise our empirical research by tracing the complex effect of gender on lawyering roles. Finally, we suggest that the adoption of caring practice is a valid approach to lawyering and call for a caring approach to be re-valued in the legal professional context as an ethical proposition.