新一轮机构改革的特点

新一届政府组成后,认真组织实施国务院机构改革方案。目前,新设立、组建部门和单位的各项工作已步入正常有序轨道。 这是在非常时期实施的一次机构改革。有关部门和单位按照党中央、国务院的部署,高度负责,精心组织,密切配合,既保证了机构改革顺利推进,也取得了防治非典和经济建设的双胜利。 这是重点突出、特点鲜明的一次机构改革。作为历史上第五次大规模的国务院机构改革,这次改革的重点是深化国有资产管理体制改革,完善宏观调控体系,健全金融监管体制,继续推进流通管理体制改革,加强食品安全和安全生产监管体制建设,改革呈现出转变政府职能等五大鲜明特点。 这仍然是一次过渡性的、阶段性的机构改革。下一步的工作,要继续按去年国务院公布取消789项行政审批事项的要求,对相关部门进行职能调整,同时做好地方政府机构改革。改革的长远目标是,按照党的十六大的要求,建立行为规范、运转协调、公正透明、廉洁高效的行政管理体制。     

地方机构改革着手化解难点

政府机构改革一直是备受社会 关注的热点。 国务院机构改革已取得重大成果。１９９８年夏天，国务院机构改革全面启动并于当年底完成人员分流工作，国务院组成部门由４０个减少为２９个。按照转变政府职能、实现政企分开的要求，各部门转交企业。社会中介组织和地方的职能有２００多项；在部门之间调整转移的职能有１００多项；部门内设置的司局级机构减少 ２００多个，精简 １／ ４； 行政编制精简幅度为 ４７．５％，人员减少１８５４０人。 地方机构改革 １９９９年已全面启动，目前进展顺利，已经取得了阶段性成果，全国绝大多数地方改…     

深圳大刀阔斧改革政府审批制度

深圳经济特区作为我国改革 开放的试验场，在大力进行 经济体制改革的同时，同步推进政府组织机构改革，探索建立与经济体制改革相适应的政府行政管理体制。２０年来，他们不间断地进行了５次较大的政府机构改革，对政府职能进行调整和转变，大刀阔斧地精简政府审批职能，市长于幼军在接受本刊记者采访时说：“现在政府管得少了，但是管得好了。” 政府职能转变的 绊脚石 ５次改革，深圳在转变政府职能方面采取了一系列措施，每次机构改革在转变职能方面都有较大的举动，如率先改专业经济管理为行业管理、宏观管理；取消企业行政级别；实行…     

转变政府职能 深化特区行政体制改革

特区机构改革的主要特色，是按照市场经济发展的基本要求，大力转变政府职能，改革调整政府机构，使政府对经济的管理由原来的直接管理、微观管理为主转向间接管理、宏观管理为主。通过改革，使特区的政府机构和行政管理体制基本适应经济建设需要，为市场经济发展创造了良好的外部环境。一、特区五次机构改革取得显著成效深圳经济特区建立15年来，先后进行了五次大的机构改革，其基本做法和特点主要有以下几方面：1．大力简政放权，理顺政企关系。为了确立企业的市场主体地位，深圳早从1981年起，就按照政企分开原则，大幅度精简专业经济管…     

三年政府机构改革进展与走势

从１９９８年开始，我国进行了三年政府机构改革，先是国务院机构改革，后是地方政府机构。此次改革是在初步市场化的经济对政府机构提出新的要求的情况下进行的，是一次以理顺各种利益关系为核心的改革。理顺的关系包括政府与市场、政府与企业、政府与社会、政府与事业单位、中央与地方以及政府部门之间的关系，使之相互分工、相互协作。已进行了３年的机构改革成效到底如何呢？国务院机构改革的主要任务基本完成１９９８年开始的新一轮国务院机构改革，确定的一项主要任务，就是精简机构和人员。１９９８年３月九届全国人大一次会议通过的…     

国企改革20年取得重大成果

国企改革受到党中央、国务院的高度重视，出台了一系列重大措施一步步实现突破。──推进政企分开迈出实质性步伐。20年来，从放权让利开始，政府和企业的关系不断调整，企业逐步由政府附属物向法人实体和市场竞争主体转变。1998年的政府机构改革，国务院各部门交出去各种职能200多项；对专业经济部门进行了调整和裁减，不再直接管理企业。国务院决定建立国有重点企业稽查特派员制度，这是国家对国有企业管理方式的重大转变。军队、武警部队和政法机关所办经营性企业移交地方的工作已如期完成，中央党政机关与所办经济实体和所管直属企业已…     

相对集中行政处罚权制度的相关法律问题初探

由于受长期计划经济的影响，政府机构改革和职能转变进展缓慢．行政执法机构林立，行政执法队伍膨胀；同时执法力量分散到众多的部门，行政执法又显苍白无力，难以形成长效管理，因而有必要在行政执法体制上进行制度创新和变革。1996年10月1日施行的《中华人民共和国行政处罚法》第16条规定：“经国务院或者经国务院授权的省、自治区     

认真学习十六大精神继续推进政府机构改革

党的十六大明确提出了深化行政管理体制改革的任务。刚刚闭幕的十届全国人大一次会议审议通过了《国务院机构改革方案》，并把继续推进政府机构改革作为新一届政府的重要任务之一。因此，深化行政管理体制和机构改革，是贯彻落实党的十六大精神的重要举措，也是建立和完善社会主义市场经济体制、全面建设小康社会的客观需要。一、认真学习党的十六大精神，进一步提高对深化行政管理体制和政府机构改革重要性和必要性的认识党的十三届四中全会以来，我国于１９９３年和１９９８年进行了两次机构改革，取得了阶段性成果。尤其是１９９８年进行…     

转变政府职能突出服务重点

这次国务院机构改革,在加快政府职能转变、理顺部门关系、明确和强化责任方面,取得了明显成效。地方政府机构改革要借鉴国务院机构改革的经验,把转变职能作为改革的核心,并通过部门的三定落到实处。要坚持四个分开。即加快推进政企分开、政资分开、政事分开、政府     

改革开放以来历次机构改革

党的十一届三中全会以后,我国进入经济体制改革和对外开放的新时期。与此相适应,政府机构改革也随之展开。 1982年的机构改革:1982年,我国自上而下地展开了各级机构改革,明确规定了各级各部门领导班子的职数、年龄和文化结构,要求减少副职,提高素质。国务院和各省、自治区、直辖市政府的机构数量和人员也要大幅度减少。这次改革是一次有益的探索,加快了干部队伍的年轻化,但没有触动高度集中的计划经济管理体制,没有实现政府职能的转变。     

Governing the Chinese Economy: Regulatory Reform in the Service of the State

Pursuant to its extensive program of market reforms, China’s government tried to restructure itself to support a market‐dominated economy. Reform efforts have included elements that are familiar to scholars of public administration: streamlining government, strengthening bureaucratic capacity, distancing government from firms, and establishing independent regulators. But how deep have these reforms been, and with what ultimate goals? This article examines a crucial segment of the economy—China’s so‐called lifeline industries—to show how reforms to China’s economic governance system have been mapped onto an existing system characterized by extreme institutional fragmentation and an inability to imbue new governmental bodies with authority. Moreover, for these key industrial sectors, the Chinese party‐state’s strong interests in ownership, revenues, and social policy dictate that it use a variety of tools to protect these interests.     

The politics of institutional reform in Italy

This article reviews the recent Italian debate on possible constitutional and institutional reforms aimed at improving governmental decision‐making capacity. In the first section, the post‐war institutional developments are briefly discussed to show how the present problems have emerged. Various reform proposals affecting the electoral system, Parliament and government are then analysed, together with the political pre‐conditions and consequences linked to their possible adoption. With reference to these political considerations, the various kinds of reform are evaluated in terms of their capacity to achieve their goals and of their acceptability to the political parties.     

Urban government and market reforms in China

Chinese reformers wish through their economic programme to create a new form of developmental state in China and a new relationship between state and economy. This paper examines these issues through a study of the impact of Chinese economic reforms on the structure and behaviour of local government, focusing on urban government at the district level. It looks at three aspects of the issue—the trend towards financial decentralization, institutional changes in district administration and changes in the relationship between local government and the urban economy. It concludes (contrary to arguments which regard bureaucratic response to the reforms as one of pure inertia and obstruction) that urban local government has changed in several major ways, the most obvious being a trend towards institutional expansion and proliferation. From the point of view of the reform process, some institutional changes have been positive, others negative, resulting in a ‘dualistic’ state which contains elements of both old and new forms of developmental state. There is a need for systematic analysis of the specific future needs and evolution of China's urban government which would guide a process of politico-administrative reform comparable to the current economic reform.     

Administrative reform in a changing political environment: The case of Hong Kong

Since 1989, the Hong Kong government has implemented a programme of public sector reform that is based on the principles of ‘new public management’. The reforms initially focused mainly on financial management reform, including delegating responsibilities for resource allocation; re-defining the roles of the central resource branches; setting up trading funds in departments that provide services directly to the public; and instilling a new corporate culture of service throughout the government. Some progress has been made in implementing the reforms. In 1993, the government realized that further civil service reform was necessary to support the reforms. The government proposed to delegate more authority to department heads on personnel matters; give managers more freedom to manage personnel; and simplify personnel regulations and procedures. These ‘new public management’-type reforms are usually associated with stable, relatively unchanging environments. In Hong Kong, however, the reforms have been proposed and carried out in an environment of considerable political turbulence which has both facilitated and hindered their implementation. Because of the declining legitimacy of the colonial government, British authorities may not have the political capacity to implement the reforms. Opposition from both department heads and civil service unions to aspects of the reforms has already emerged.     

The Reinvention of Public Personnel Administration: An Analysis of the Diffusion of Personnel Management Reforms in the States

Reform is a common theme in American public administration. During the twentieth century at least 12 major administrative reforms have taken place at the federal level and countless others in state and local governments. Frequently, these reforms have addressed the operation of public personnel management systems. Recent efforts associated with the reinventing government movement, for example, have proposed numerous alterations to civil service rules and procedures, and many jurisdictions have implemented significant changes in their personnel practices. This article examines the extent to which these kinds of personnel reforms have been implemented by state governments. A reform index is developed to document the considerable variation among the states in their approach to personnel practices. Several state characteristics are associated with scores on this index, including legislative professionalism, which bears a positive relationship to reform, and the level of unemployment within a state and the proportion of state employees associated with public employee unions, which are both negatively associated with reform.     

Sharpening a Knife Cleverly: Organizational Change, Policy Paradox, and the "Weaponizing" of Administrative Reforms

Prior research has leavened substantially our understanding of how, why, and with what consequences public organizations respond to pressures for administrative reforms. Left underdeveloped theoretically, however, is the hypothesis that agency actors may also assess the ability of administrative reforms both to advance their policy goals and to become "weapons" in battles within agencies for advancing them. To illustrate this possibility, this article analyzes how the Clinton administration's National Performance Review and related Defense Reform Initiative interacted with its efforts to "green" the U.S. military in the post–Cold War era. Analysis of this clash between defense and environmental values indicates that (1) agency actors did evaluate the potential impacts of administrative reforms on their policy goals before supporting or opposing them; (2) they tried to hijack those reforms as weapons for advancing their policy goals in intraorganizational battles; and (3) the "weaponizing" of these reforms produced policy complications and consequences that proponents neither anticipated nor welcomed. Thus, reform in the administrative domain created unanticipated consequences by spilling over into the policy domain and being hijacked, weaponized, or otherwise miscarried or used opportunistically in intraorganizational policy battles. The study concludes by arguing that these dynamics merit more attention than they have received from either administrative reform proponents or researchers seeking to develop theories of administrative reform.     

FEDERAL POLICY IN LOCAL CONTEXT:PUZZLING THROUGH THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF PARADIGMATIC POLICY REFORM

Although comprehensive reform programs (CRPs) have been influenced by theories of government failure, they pose some puzzles for these theorists. My purpose is to address puzzles that relate to observed characteristics of the timing, radicalism, implementation, rhetoric and democratic consequences of reforms. The long period of paradigm stability which typically precede them is explained in terms of the institutional and political risks associated with radical policy reform while the reforms themselves are explained in terms of factors that generated opportunities for new sources of policy leadership. This leadership was collectively supplied by a network that sought to break the hold of a fragmented structure of policy communities over the policy process.     

中国工业体制的改革与发展（下）

三、工业行业协会成长与发展是工业体制的重要环节　　党的十一届三中全会以前 ,工业领域实行的是严格的计划经济体制 ,国有制工业一统天下 ,工业企业实行清一色的政企合一 ,按行政隶属关系进行行政管理 ,只有部门管理 ,没有行业管理和行业协会。改革开放以后 ,我国经济走上了全面改革开放的道路。为了适应经济体制改革和工业发展的需要 ,工业体制改革提上了日程。工业行业管理和工业行业协会是伴随着工业管理体制改革和政府职能转变而产生和发展的。其演变大体可以分成 2 0世纪 80年代、90年代两个不同阶段。1 979年至 2 0世纪整个 80年代…     

Imitating the West? Evidence on Administrative Reform from the Upper Echelons of Chinese Provincial Government

This article explores the attitudes of officials in the upper echelons in Chinese provincial and local government toward the origins of administrative reform. The authors examine the somewhat dichotomous argument that reform imitates the West or is indigenous and contend that both influences are present. Data drawn from a survey of party cadres and government officials show that cultural factors (time in government, overall knowledge of administrative reforms, together with familiarity with the move from a planned system of government to a market economy) and structural variables (upper echelon and familiarity with business management techniques) are correlated with learning from the West. Cadres and officials who spend more time managing outward and those who are familiar with performance assessment do not learn from the West. The theoretical and research implications of these findings—that learning from the West is an important influence on the adoption of administrative reforms in China—are discussed.     

The Growing Power and Autonomy of House of Commons Select Committees: Causes and Effects

This article is an examination of the rising prominence of House of Commons select committees during the 2010–2015 Parliament, which takes into account the impact of the Wright reforms. The new system of electing committee chairs and members is explored as a central reform that has burnished the autonomy, independence and credibility of the committees. In addition, the characteristics of the coalition government and circumstances entailed by a two‐party executive are seen as factors that have made more robust the neutrality of the committees, which have been looked to ever more urgently as impartial scrutineers of government policy and personnel. As the system has been strengthened and received greater attention from the government, the public and the media, select committees have also come to present a platform upon which certain members and chairs have grown their profile. This phenomenon in turn has added to the desirability of roles on committees, which now present an alternative career route to the ministerial ladder.