乙醇快速检测管的研制

为了能够快速简便地检测呼气中的乙醇成份 ,以减少酒后驾车所造成的交通事故 ,我们利用化学显色反应原理 ,研制出一种乙醇快速检测管。与其它的乙醇检测器及测定方法比较 ,它具有费用低、操作简便等优点 ,可作为一种常规的交通管理和随机抽样检测的工具。     

血液样品中乙醇稳定性的实验研究

目的考察在不同存放条件下含乙醇的血液样品中乙醇浓度的变化情况。方法采用顶空-气相色谱法,以异丙醇为内标,对存放条件不同的血液样品中乙醇进行检测。结果冷冻(-10℃)条件存放1至30天,血液样品中乙醇含量无显著变化;冷藏(4℃)条件存放1至30天,血液样品中乙醇含量变化不显著;室温(28℃~33℃)条件存放1至30天,血液样品中乙醇含量显著改变。结论含有乙醇的血液样品,在冷冻、冷藏条件下可较稳定的存放30天;在室温条件下存放30天血液样品中乙醇浓度发生显著变化,不可在此条件下存放。     

直接进样气相色谱法测定全血中乙醇的含量

目的建立一种直接进样气相色谱法检测全血中的乙醇。方法全血经硫酸铝钾沉淀蛋白,加入内标异丙醇后,用直接进样气相色谱法进行检测,FID为检测器,用保留时间定性,内标标准曲线法定量。结果该方法线性范围为0.2-1.4mg/m L,相关系数R=0.999 3,总分析时间不超过5min,最低检测限为0.01mg/m L,相对标准偏差（RSD）〈5%,平均回收率为92.3%;所建立的方法与顶空气相色谱（HS-GC）法比较相对偏差（RD）〈10%。结论该方法可用于全血中乙醇的检测。     

各国酒后驾车BAC界值与处罚的比较研究

目的为我国酒后驾车立法方面的后续工作提供参考与借鉴。方法对不同国家酒后驾车的血液乙醇浓度界值、检测方法选择以及相应处罚等进行比较。结果目前世界各国此方面立法的变化趋势为:(1)1BAC界值普遍下降。(2)对不同驾驶员的具体BAC值作出不同规定。(3)对酒后驾车的处罚越来越严厉。结论建议我国有关立法机构:(1)广泛开展道路交通安全教育;(2)规定最小饮酒年龄和驾车年龄;(3)对不同驾驶员规定不同的BAC酒后驾车和醉酒驾车界值;(4)政府给交警部门配备合适的检测仪器;(5)加大处罚力度。     

血液中乙醇检测结果的法医学分析

目的对交通事故中血液中乙醇检测结果进行法医学分析。方法从检测方法、血液采集方法、采集时间、血液保存、尸体腐败、饮酒量与血液中乙醇质量浓度关系等方面进行血液中乙醇检测结果的法医学分析。结果检测方法、血液采集方法、采集时间、血液保存、尸体腐败等因素直接影响血液中乙醇检测结果。结论为保证交通执法的公正性，对血液中乙醇检测结果应当作法医学分析。     

气相色谱法测定人血中乙醇的不确定度评估

本文建立了气相色谱法测定人血中乙醇含量的不确定度评定方法,考虑不确定度的来源主要包括仪器的精密度、标准物质标称值的不确定度、样品及标准物质体积的不确定度等。假定传播系数为1,对各分量进行计算与合成。经实验验证,理论推导的结果与实验结果基本吻合。     

自动顶空GC/MS测定血液中乙醇含量不确定度评定

目的评定自动顶空—气相色谱—质谱法(GC/MS)测定血液中乙醇含量的不确定度。方法从分析测量过程着手,依据不确定度评定的指导性文件,分析了不确定度来源,量化不确定度分量,计算检测结果的合成标准不确定度和扩展不确定度。结果血液样本两次测定结果平均值为0.738mg/mL的扩展不确定度为0.084mg/mL。结论血液中乙醇含量的不确定度主要来源于样品检测、乙醇标准溶液和标准曲线。     

血液乙醇检测内外标法比较研究

目的通过比较内标法和外标法对血液乙醇含量检测结果,探讨外标法在法医学实践中的应用价值。方法通过收集2005年10月~2006年12月间本中心符合检测要求的血液样品263例,每例分别采用内标法和外标法进行血液样品乙醇含量检测,比较其检测结果。结果外标法检测时间短(2.5min),用量0.5ml,而内标法检测时间长(6.5min),样品量1.0ml;外标法检测血乙醇平均浓度为89.30mg/100ml,内标法检测血乙醇平均浓度为92.37mg/100ml,P=0.001。结论外标法检测时间短(2.5min),用量少,节约检材,可作为大量待测血液样本的筛选检查手段。     

不同超声提取时间对凝血后乙醇浓度检测的影响

目的探讨已发生凝血的血液样本采用超声处理的必要性和最佳时间。方法抽取500名驾驶员血液样本各两份,其中1份为抗凝血,1份为未抗凝血。抗凝血样本采用直接进样,未抗凝血分别采用旋涡震荡后直接进样和进一步以不同时间超声处理后再进样,采用GC法分析各样本中乙醇浓度。以抗凝血检测结果为标准值,进行比较和分析。结果 500份抗凝血液样本中有462份检出乙醇,相应462份未抗凝血液样本中445例检出乙醇。未抗凝血经60min超声处理后再进行GC检测,所得结果与相应抗凝血相符,而采用更长、更短时间的超声处理,或不加超声处理的检测结果绝大多数与相应抗凝血检测值存在显著性差异(P0.01)。结论机动车驾驶员血液中乙醇浓度测定应使用抗凝血样本;如样本未加抗凝剂出现凝血后,则应对样本进行超声波处理,时间以60min为宜。     

直接进样气相色谱内标工作曲线法测定血液中乙醇的不确定度评估

测量不确定度的评估是评价测量结果的有效方法，是测量结果质量的定量表征，是实验室认可评审的重要内容。近年来，实验室认可评审在公安系统陆续开展，我所也于去年10月份通过CNAS认可，在认可过程中进行了血液中乙醇定量项目的不确定度评估。本文以此为例，探讨血液中乙醇含量气相色谱内标法检测结果的不确定的评估过程，以保证检测数据更加准确可靠、有效。     

Elimination rates of breath alcohol

Legal driving limits are set coequally with 0.5 g/L blood alcohol concentration (BAC) or 0.25 mg/L breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) in Austria as well as in other European countries. As mostly some time elapses between BrAC measurement and driving offence, a back calculation of alcohol concentrations is often required. The calculation of hourly BrAC elimination rates can thereby help to avoid unnecessary variances. A study with 59 participants was performed under social conditions. BrAC was determined with the legally accredited Alcotest 7110 MK III A every 30 min, and concomitantly venous blood samples were drawn. Five hundred and four BrAC/BAC value pairs were evaluated. The overall mean peak BrAC was calculated with 0.456 mg/L (±0.119 mg/L standard deviation). The mean hourly BrAC elimination rate was overall determined with 0.082 mg/L per h (0.050–0.114, 95% range). Mean rate of females (0.087 mg/L h⁻¹) and the according 95% limits were statistically significantly higher than of males (mean rate 0.078 mg/L h⁻¹, p < 0.04). Our results confirm the possibility to implement hourly BrAC elimination rates, provided that adequate statistical ranges and basic forensic scientific rules that have been set up for alcohol back calculations are observed.     

Post-mortem blood alcohol concentration of the traffic accident victims and changes in DUI legislation in Slovenia 1980–2006

This study aims to contribute to the analysis of the impact of alcohol consumption on road traffic safety in Slovenia and to evaluate the effectiveness of the changes in road traffic safety legislation concerning this issue within the period 1980–2006. For this purpose we have performed a retrospective analysis of 1913 autopsy reports on traffic casualties, with an emphasis on their blood alcohol concentration (BAC), mode of participation in traffic (drivers, pedestrians, etc.) and the impact of legislation changes. In addition, we have analysed the relations between BAC, the time and day of death and the gender of victims. Changes in the legislation were made in 1981, 1985, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1998 and 2005, yet only those made in 1981, 1990 and 1998 resulted in the increase of the actual fines. Within the observed period there was a substantial reduction in the average BAC in almost all of the categories of traffic participants (pedestrians: from 1.20 to 0.73; passengers: from 1.08 to 0.56; cyclists: from 1.11 to 0.56; motorcyclists: from 0.68 to 0.33) except in the category of drivers (negligible reduction from 0.81 to 0.76). Insufficient improvement in the latter category is extremely important, because many sober vulnerable traffic participants become victims of drunk drivers. Further concern arises from the finding that heavily drinking drivers are not responsive to penalty increases. We came to the conclusion that, in addition to raising fines and expanding penalty points, the introduction and effective enforcement of complex legislative measures together with wide community action are necessary to resolve DUI problems in Slovenia.     

保存犬尸体中自生醇的研究

目的建立组织中自生醇直接进样毛细管柱气相色谱检测方法；建立犬尸体中自生醇研究模型．观察犬尸体中自生醇的产生情况。方法犬经CO2处死，置于室温，分别于死后0、2、4、8、12、24、48、72、96、120h采集样品，样品匀浆后（体液除外）离心去上清，内标溶液1：2（体液为1：4）稀释，直接进样，气相色谱法检测，保留时间定性，内标法定量。结果甲醇、丙酮、乙醇、正丙醇、异丁醇、异丙醇、正丁醇、异戊醇的保留时间分别为（2．77±0．01）、（3．42±0．01）、（3．87±0．01）、（5．92±0．01）、（7．54±0．01）、（7．92±0．01）、（10．33±0．01）、（13．55±0．01）min；大部分组织如心血、下腔静脉血、尿、胆汁、肝、脾、肺和肾在犬死后12h可检出乙醇，肌肉、玻璃体液、和大脑分别在死后48、72、96h检出乙醇；乙醇和正丙醇的生成存在正相关。结论死亡犬体内会产生自生醇，尿中检出乙醇不能判定为生前饮酒，在涉及乙醇的法医学检案中。特别是腐败样品．应注意自生醇对乙醇定性和定量可能造成的影响，应采集不易腐败的组织如玻璃体液、肌肉或大脑，检测乙醇及自生醇含量，并观察与正丙醇的比例关系来进行综合判定。     

Paradigm Shift for the Alcohol Breath Test

Abstract: The alcohol breath test (ABT) has been used for quantification of ethyl alcohol in individuals suspected of driving under the influence for more than 50 years. In this time, there has been little change in the concepts underlying this single breath test. The old model, which assumes that end‐exhaled breath alcohol concentration is closely related to alveolar air alcohol concentration, is no longer acceptable. This paper reviews experimental research and mathematical modeling which has evaluated the pulmonary exchange processes for ethyl alcohol. Studies have shown that alcohol exchanges dynamically with the airway tissue both during inspiration and expiration. The airway tissue interaction makes it impossible to deliver air with alveolar alcohol concentration to the mouth. It is concluded that the ABT is dependent on physiological factors that need to be assessed for accurate testing.     

Alcohol-Related Mortality Risk in Natural and Non-Natural Death Cases

Abstract:  Determination of the associations between alcohol influence and sudden natural death represents challenges for medicolegal investigations. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of alcohol influence in medicolegal autopsies. In our study of natural and non-natural deaths cases (5496 total: 4045 males, 1451 females) were examined. Blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) were detected by headspace gas chromatographic method. We investigated the alcohol-related mortality using hierarchical log-linear statistical models. Severe BACs were detected among suicidal victims in the oldest age group (>65 years) (In F  = 0.442) and among the homicide victims between the age of 40–65 years (In F  = 0.234). Correlations we found between manner-of-death and sex suggested that the rate of males in accidents (ln F  = 0.140) and the rate of females in homicides (ln F  = 0.193) were higher. It was concluded that the accurate statistical mortality database may provide a huge support for the determination of alcohol effects on human health and mortality.     

Serum alcohol concentrations in trauma patients determined by immunoassay versus gas chromatography

There has been an extensive discussion in the forensic toxicology community regarding the effect of trauma on the enzymatic method for ethanol analysis. There is a paucity of information in the literature that addresses this question. This study was designed to compare the Dade Behring Dimension enzymatic method with the reliable gas chromatographic method. The blood samples collected at the same time from trauma patients were analyzed by both methods. The result of the study shows no significant quantitative difference between the enzymatic and gas liquid chromatographic (GLC) methods. Also, the enzymatic method did not show any false positive ethanol in cases where the GLC method showed a negative finding.     

Forensic appraisal of death due to acute alcohol poisoning: three case reports and a literature review

Death due to acute alcohol poisoning lacks specific anatomical characteristics, compared with other deaths due to drug poisoning. We report three forensic cases of death from acute alcohol poisoning due to inhibition of the respiratory centre and eventual asphyxia. Blood alcohol concentrations in the three fatalities were 5.28, 3.33 and 3.78 mg/mL, respectively. Lethal doses and blood alcohol concentrations showed differences between individuals. Detailed auxiliary tests besides autopsy were undertaken. These cases show that forensic scientists should exclude other causes of death, combine the autopsy with auxiliary tests, and then make an appraisal.     

唾液中乙醇含量检测试剂条的研究

目的根据唾液和血液中乙醇含量相关性的实验结果,建立了一种简便快速、准确可靠的检测唾液中乙醇含量的方法。方法本方法利用酶学原理,将一定量乙醇氧化酶(ALO)和过氧化物酶以及底物四甲基联苯胺(TMB)固定于试剂条上,当样本中含有乙醇时,酶学反应使底物TMB显色,通过比对反应的不同颜色,对样本中乙醇质量浓度进行半定量。结果用本方法检测300个自愿者的唾液,和用GC/MS法对照检测志愿者唾液中的乙醇含量,定量结果基本一致。本产品检测过程仅需2min,其检测的阈值为0.1mg/mL,敏感度为96.5%,特异性为91%,准确性为94.7%。结论采用酶学方法制备的乙醇含量检测试剂条,通过显色反应对唾液中的乙醇含量进行半定量检测,其特点为快速简便、准确可靠,适合现场使用。