枪弹创后置物射出口形态学的实验研究

为建立后置物射出口与射入口的检验鉴定方法，使用国产五四式7．62mm口径手枪及五六式7．62mm口径半自动步枪，以5米的距离射击约克夏种白猪18只，同时以木板、水泥板、玻璃及衣服等作为射出口衬垫物，制成后置物射出口56例，并与对照组12例射出口进行对比观察。结果表明，射出口与后置物距离在3cm以内均可出现创缘伸展轮及皮下出血，且与后置物质地及距离成正比。根据其形态分为典型及非典型两类，并建立了此类射出口的检验方法及其与射入口鉴别的依据，有助于法医在实际检验中对射击方向的判断。     

具有前置物的枪弹创射入口的形态学研究

对11例枪弹贯通障碍物后射入人体所形成的射入口的形态进行了观察与研究。结果表明，有前置物的射入口与单纯枪弹射入口的形态有明显不同，且受多种因素影响，形态各异。根据11例有前置物的射入口形态特征，分为混合及单纯两种类型，并对其形成机理、诊断依据以及实际应用意义进行了讨论。     

利用颅骨枪弹创骨折类型推断射击方向和顺序的实验

建立利用颅骨枪弹创骨折类型推断射击方向和顺序的方法。使用国产五四式7．62mm口径手枪及五六式7．62mm口径半自动步枪,以3m的距离2次射击16具尸体的头颞部及枕部,造成颅脑贯通创,制成颅骨枪弹射入、出口各32例,并根据定位标记进行观察。结果显示：颅骨枪弹创骨折形态可分为带有斜面的孔状骨折,锁孔状骨折,放射状骨折和环状隆起骨折4种类型,其出现多见于低速枪射击,并与射击方向和顺序有直接关系。根据颅骨枪弹创骨折类型可推断射击方向和顺序。     

带消音器枪弹创的实验病理研究

使用国产7．62mm口径微声轻型冲锋枪，以不同距离射击实验动物，制成带消音器枪弹创，并使用国产7．62mm口径轻型冲锋枪作对照进行对比观察。结果表明：在接触和近距离射击时，带消音器枪弹刻与典型枪弹剑比较有明显不同；根据消音器的结构和原理，结合实验结果，建立了带消音器枪弹创的形态学特征及其诊断依据。为法医学检验鉴定提供了实验性资料。     

霰弹弹杯所致损伤及其应用价值

本文17例制式霰弹猎枪射入口和创道的病理形态学，通过结合射击实验获得了较为一致的结果。初步认为，商品霰弹中的塑料弹杯所造成射入口创缘或创周损伤的形态变化与射击距离密切相关，在法医学鉴定中具有一定的应用价值。     

92式手枪射入口形态特征与射击距离的关系

目的研究手枪射入口形态特征与射击距离的关系,为射击距离的推断提供依据。方法选择92式手枪,在带皮的猪肉上覆盖白色棉布,设计了0m,0.1m,0.2m,0.5m1.0m,1.5m,3.0m,5.0m,10m,15.0m,20.0m,25.0m共12个射击距离,对白棉布和肉皮上的弹孔进行拍照,对比研究不同射击距离的射入口形态特征,并利用Autocad软件对射入口的面积进行计算。结果白棉布和肉皮上射入口的形态特征与射击距离有一定的相关性。结论根据射入口的形态特征,能够对射击距离进行推断,对涉枪案件中射击距离的判断有参考价值。     

弹头经中间障碍物后枪弹创射入口形态

弹头穿过中间障碍物 (ｉｎｔｅｒｍｅｄｉａｔｅｍａｔｅｒｉａｌ)后形成的枪弹创非典型射入口 (ａｔｙｐｉｃａｌｅｎｔｅｙｗｏｕｎｄ) ,国内外已有不少研究报道〔1～ 4〕。但其研究仅限于不同的中间障碍物在一定距离时形成的枪弹创射入口的差异。不同距离 ,即中间障碍物至靶物 (ｔａｒｇｅｔ)的距离所产生的枪弹创射入口形态改变迄今尚未见到文献报道。为此 ,本文作者设计并进行了动物射击实验。1　材料与方法1 1　枪弹类型采用国产五四式手枪 ,口径 7 6 2ｍｍ ,弹头直径7 6 2ｍｍ ,钢心全披甲 ,初速为 4 2 0ｍ/ｓ,最大动能约4 0ｋｇ/ｍ…     

9mm警用转轮手枪橡胶弹射入口的形态特征

目的观察橡胶弹射人口的形态特征,并探讨其法医学意义。方法使用9mm警用转轮手枪发射橡胶弹,在实验动物胸腹部侧面垂直射击,射击距离分别为紧密接触射击（0cm）,相对接触射击（1～6cm）,近距离射击（6-60cm）和远距离射击（60cm～有效射程25m）。92式手枪采取相同方式射击实验动物作为对照。观察射入口的形态特征,制作组织病理学切片,HE染色显微镜下观察。结果橡胶弹接触射击和近距离射击,射入口边缘整齐,有明显的擦拭轮、挫伤轮和火药斑纹;远距离射击,可见射人口边缘撕裂,挫伤轮明显增宽,皮下出血显著;与手枪弹射入口形态特征明显不同。结论9mm警用转轮手枪橡胶弹射入口典型的形态特征,可作为此类损伤的诊断指标。     

1例五四式手枪伤人的法医学鉴定及实验研究

五四式手枪伤人案件的法医学鉴定通常较为顺利，但在一些特殊情况下，其射入口和射击距离也引起法医学上的讨论。现将1例五四式手枪致人死亡案例的鉴定过程及所做的相应实验报告如下：案情一司法警察团公务与一群村民发生冲突时击发五四式手枪，致一人死亡。当地法医第2天对死者进行尸表及局部解剖检验认为：死者左臀部创口为射入口；左下腹部创口为射出口，创口周围的点状表皮剥脱为昆虫叮咬所致；射击距离为50cm以远。与调查情况出入较大，遂报上级法医复核鉴定，第3天进行复核检验。复核检验情况：枪击现场为一开阔的土坡上，已遭严重破…     

跳弹创形态学的实验研究

目的 探讨跳弹创形成的条件,研究跳弹在体内弹道学特点及致伤能力,建立跳弹创的诊断依据。方法选用国产54式手枪及56式半自动步枪,配用51式手枪弹及56式步枪弹以水磨石板为反跳靶体,射击约克夏种猪4头,复制出跳弹创模型12例。观察射入口、创道及着弹点特征。结果 跳弹的形成受靶体性状、弹头形态和速度、入射角与反跳角等条件因素的影响;在相同条件下高初速尖型弹头的反跳角<低初速圆型弹头;创道无明显瞬时空腔效应;根据实验结果建立了6项诊断依据。结论 正确诊断跳弹创对射击方向和距离、重建弹道、分析枪击目的、评估损伤程度有实用价值。     

The effects of certain intermediary target materials and their proximity to ballistic gelatin on jacketed hollow point bullet expansion

Expanding bullets are preferred by law enforcement because of their wounding potential and ability to avoid over-penetration which could result in unintended targets being struck by bullets that perforate their intended targets. Expansion failure for jacketed hollow point (JHP) bullets is commonly attributed to several causes including damage to the bullet's cavity, velocity loss, bullet destabilization and materials from intermediate targets filling the bullet's cavity which can cause expansion failure when the bullet subsequently impacts a soft, fluid-based target such as human tissue or ballistic gelatin. In this study, JHP bullets were fired into ballistic gelatin after passing through selected intermediate targets representing items common to shooting incidents. Velocity loss and bullet destabilization were not factors that contributed to the JHP bullets that experienced expansion failure; however, materials obstructing the bullets' cavities and damage to the bullets' cavities were considered causes for some of the JHP bullet expansion failures. It was determined through this research that most of the target materials caused JHP bullet expansion failure when shored against the ballistic gelatin, but when placed at distances of 7 ft. from the ballistic gelatin, bullets fired through the same target materials did expand. This original and unique study produced findings that are of significant value to shooting incident reconstruction experts and other forensic professionals as shooting incidents can call into question a victim's proximity to a wall or door when a bullet(s) perforated such a target material.     

Morphological characteristics of gunshot wounds of liver and spleen

Stellate wounds are to be expected in gunshot injuries to the liver and spleen. As to their configuration, they resemble the skin breaks in an absolute close-range shot. The exit wound is larger than the entry wound. The genesis and utility of such injuries for reconstruction of the shot direction are discussed with reference to seven gunshot mortalities. Stellate wounds could also be achieved by shooting at isolated cadaver organs. The experimentally produced gunshot wounds differed from those produced in vivo in that the entry and exit wounds were equally large.     

Comparison of wound morphology following gunshots by machine guns and sub-machine guns

Automatic weapons such as machine guns and submachine guns are found in the German-speaking region only in special army and police units and appear accordingly rarely in homicides, suicides and accidents. In the following, the findings in two cases of death with the use of machine and submachine guns are presented. The first case was a fatal accident during shooting on a training area (current machine gun of the German army, calibre 7.62 x 51 mm), the second case was a killing during a physical conflict (submachine gun MP 40 from World War II, calibre 9 x 19 mm). In the case with the machine gun autopsy disclosed typical entry holes corresponding to the calibre, but unusually large exit wounds with tissue bridges in the wound ground, measuring 4 x 2.5 cm in diameter. By contrast, the second case (submachine gun) showed "normal" entry and exit wounds. The differences are mainly caused by deviating ballistic data of the ammunition used. They are discussed against the background of literature on wound ballistics.     

Characteristics of gunshot wounds in the skull.

The analysis of trauma to the skeleton is an important aspect of forensic case work, but most pathology references devote limited attention to this topic. This paper describes various aspects of gunshot wounds, including entrance and exit patterns, angle and path, range of fire and velocity, and caliber of the bullet, based on observations of a series of known cases. Skeletal remains of 21 victims of gunshot wounds were studied. In most cases, there was documentation of the investigation, autopsy, and victim's identity. Each case was analyzed in terms of wound location, shape, size and exit/entry surface area ratio, beveling, and direction of shooting Skull entry wounds were most often round or oval. Unusual shapes were observed in bones like the mandible and mastoid process, but were also found to be triangular, nearly rectangular or irregular. Tunneling was observed in the mastoid process. The expected internal beveling was obvious in all but one skull. External beveling of an entry wound was only observed in one case (parietal bone). Exit wounds were roughly round, oval, square, and rectangular and were always more irregular than entry wounds. External beveling of exit wounds was observed in most vault bones, but there was none in the orbit, maxilla, greater wing of the sphenoid, temporal, or left occipital bone. Tangential gunshot wounds were seen in a mastoid process, zygomatic process, mandibular ramus and condyle, and occipital condyle. Most of the exit to entry surface area ratios (cm2) varied from 1.4 to 2.0. In four cases the ratio indicated that entrances were larger than exists. In conclusion, understanding of gunshot wound characteristics is an important matter to interpret distance, velocity, direction and sometimes caliber size. Assessment of this nature of gunshot wounds helps reconstruct events surrounding the death.