中国人肱骨的性别鉴定

目的 建立中国人肱骨性别判定的方程。方法 测量了来自全国9省区的已知生前确切性别的103个个体的左右侧肱骨的12项测量指标,使用SPSS软件,对所获得的测量数据,进行男女性别间测量数据的t检验。剔除性别检验差异不显著的测量项目,使用Fisher判别分析方法,建立肱骨性别判定方程。结果 单一测量指标的性别判定方程20组,性别判别率为75.9％～89.3％;肱骨上端的性别判定方程2组,性别判别率为83.6％～85.7％;肱骨中段的性别判定方程2组,性别判别率为81.3％～83.9％;肱骨下端的性别判定方程2组,性别判别率为82％。完整肱骨的性别判别率,左侧87％,右侧90.9％,双侧肱骨的性别判别率为96.3％。结论 建立的肱骨性别判别方程,适用于中国人肱骨的性别判定。     

中国汉族人腰椎的性别差异

目的提供体质人类学的数据资料 ,建立中国汉族腰椎性别判别的方法。方法根据人体骨骼测量方法 ,测量 117付 (男 80 ,女 3 7付 ,年龄 17～ 90岁 )中国汉族人腰椎的 10项指标 ;选择性别差异显著的椎测量项目 ,建立腰椎及各腰椎的性别判别方程。结果第一至第五腰椎均有 5个以上的测量项目的数据存在显著意义的性别差异 (P<0 0 5 ) ;建立的 5个腰椎及各腰椎的性别判别方程 ,判别率在 69 4%～ 91 8% ,以 5个腰椎的多项指标的性别判别方程的准确率最高 (91 8% ) ,其次为第一腰椎 (84 5 % )和第二腰椎 (82 1% )。结论中国汉族人腰椎的性别差异以第一和第二腰椎明显 ,腰椎性别判定以多项指标的准确率高     

中国人胫骨的性别判定

目的建立中国人胫骨性别判定的方程。方法测量来自全国14省区已知生前确切性别的180例（男150例,女30例）个体的跫侧胫骨的13项指标,使用统计软件SPSS13．0,对所获得的测量数据进行同一性别双侧间以及不同性别同侧间胫骨测量项目的t检验,最后用Fisher判别分析法,建立国人胫骨性别判定的方程式。结果单一测量指标的性别判别方程13组,其性别判别准确率为66．7％～96．7％,总判别方程的判别准确率为男性97．3％,女性93．3％。结论本研究提供的判别方程式判别准确率较高,适用于中国人胫骨的性别判定。     

桡骨性别鉴定的研究

目的通过对桡骨的测量,使用Fisher判别分析方法,建立了中国人桡骨性别判定的判别方程。方法本研究共测量了来自全国九省区的已知生前确切性别的210个个体的左右侧桡骨,其中男性160例,女性50例,年龄范围18岁～76岁。测量指标共有8项,使用SPSS软件,进行了桡骨左、右侧及男女性别间测量数据差异的t检验。根据对测量数据左、右侧及男女性别的检验,将差异不显著的测量项目剔除,建立了左、右侧桡骨性别判定的方程。结果单一测量指标的性别判定方程,除性别差异不显著的测量项目颈干角之外,性别判别率为57.7%～92.3%,桡骨长度测量指标的性别判别率为82.4%～88.5%,桡骨中段测量指标的性别判别率为77.8%～91.7%。完整桡骨测量指标的性别判别率91.7%～99.5%。结论本研究建立的桡骨性别判定方法,性别判定准确率高,使用方便,为中国人桡骨的性别判定提供了科学依据。     

中国人股骨的性别鉴定

目的建立中国人股骨性别判定的方程。方法测量来自全国14省区的已知生前确切性别180例（男150例,女30例）个体的双侧股骨21项指标。使用统计软件SPSS13．0对获得的股骨测量项目数据,进行同一性别双侧间及不同性别同侧间的t检验,然后采用Fisher判别分析法和Bayes逐步判别分析法,建立股骨性别判定的系列判别函数。结果股骨单一测量指标中男性判别率最高指标为股骨上髁宽,为94．0％,女性判别率最高指标为股骨头周与股骨颈垂直径,为93．3％,总判别方程的判别率为男性98．0％,女性93．3％。结论本研究提供的判别方程式判别准确率较高,适用于中国人股骨的性别判定。     

第12胸椎三维重建图像性别判定研究

目的考察计算机断层扫描(CT)技术测量中国汉族第12胸椎判定性别的效果,探索CT技术在法医人类学人体骨骼测量研究中应用的可行性。方法确定11项径线指标测量第12胸椎多层面重组(MPR)三维重建图像,剔除不稳定指标后计算四项比值指标,统计各项指标的数据考察CT测量第12胸椎判定性别的效果。结果剔除两次测量结果不稳定的三项指标后的12项指标性别差异显著,建立了7个性别判定方程,综合判别率在80.0%~91.6%,仅含椎体指标的方程性别判别率最高达91.6%。结论中国汉族人第12胸椎形态学测量指标具有性别差异,CT技术可以准确测量骨骼,对法医人类学人体骨骼测量研究具有应用价值。     

根据中国汉族人甲状软骨X线片特征判定性别

目的探讨中国汉族人甲状软骨X线片中骨化特征与性别的关系。方法对142例已知性别年龄的中国汉族成人甲状软骨(男73例,女69例)进行软X线摄片和(或)普通X线摄片,按男女性别分成两类,观察骨化发生的部位、扩展的顺序及骨化形态学变化特点,找出两性间存在的差异。结果两性间甲状软骨骨化特征存在明显差异。结论本方法适用于中国汉族成人甲状软骨的性别判定。     

用髋臼直径与耻骨长比值加坐骨长进行性别判别的研究

通过对已知性别的190副中国汉族成人干燥髋骨的耻骨长、坐骨长、髋臼直径等值进行观测、统计研究,发现该三项指标男、女性间存在着显著性差异,且单独使用该三项指标进行性别判别的准确率分别为62.11％、72.63％及84.21％。本研究建立了中国汉族成人利用髋骨髋臼直径/耻骨长加坐骨长进行性别判别的方程式,其性别判定的准确率可达88.95％,为中国汉族成人利用髋骨进行性别判别又提供了一种新的方法。     

北京地区汉族成人牙齿形态学性别差异的研究

利用自动显示游标卡尺,对204副北京地区汉族成人牙模(男91副,女113副)中各牙齿(第三磨牙除外)的冠宽、冠厚进行测量,得出北京地区汉族成人各牙齿的冠宽及冠厚两项测量值,并与国内、外的牙齿测量结果进行比较,阐明了各牙齿的性别差异,并建立了性别判别方程。     

中国南方汉族人残碎股骨上端的性别判定

目的建立中国南方地区汉族人残碎股骨上端性别判别方法。方法对国内南方九省市的已知确切性别的100具股骨进行研究，测量股骨上端的7项指标，应用SPSS统计软件对数据进行分析，建立性别判别方程。结果7项指标中6项指标存在显著的性别差异，建立全指标及单指标的性别判别方程，判别率在59．6％～92．9％。结论建立的性别判别方程可以用于法医学实践。     

中国汉族成人颅骨CT片同一认定方法的研究

目的建立对中国汉族成人颅骨CT片进行同一认定的方法。方法按照纳入标准收集100例中国汉族成人颅骨CT片，对确定的识别指标进行观察和测量，对各指标的观测结果进行分类编码，然后按观测顺序编制特异的12位颅骨CT片识别编码。运用SPSS13．0统计学软件对所得数据进行各指标年龄和性别差异的统计学分析，利用个人识别能力公式计算单个指标和总体指标的个人识别能力。结果12项识别指标中有6个指标存在男女性别差异；12项指标累计个人识别能力可达到99．9997997％。结论本文确定中国汉族成人颅骨CT片12项观测指标，利用指标分类编码法可进行中国汉族成人颅骨CT片的同一认定。     

Recommended Practices for Macerating Human Thyroid Cartilage

Visible abnormalities on the thyroid cartilage may be indicative of perimortem trauma including fractures or sharp force trauma. During autopsy, the thyroid cartilage must be freed of surrounding soft tissue before these abnormalities can be clearly observed. Several processing methods were first experimentally tested on pig ears to narrow down which might work best to process human thyroid cartilage. Several methods in the categories of hot water maceration, chemical/enzyme maceration, and dermestid beetles were then tested on a sample of 37 human thyroid cartilages. An adapted 22-point scoring system was used to score the efficacy of each processing method. Chemical maceration using bleach was found to be the best method for removing surrounding tissue from thyroid cartilage, with Arm & Hammer^TM powdered laundry detergent as a close second. These methods are inexpensive, quick, and easy to implement, making them a simple addition to busy medical examiner’s offices or forensic anthropology laboratories.     

Instructions for the complete preparation of the larynx

A method of preparing the larynx in forensic cases is described especially when death occurs by strangulation (manually or using some form of ligature). After the usual dissection of the hyoid bone and the upper horns of the thyroid cartilage, the complete larynx is clipped and fixed in formaldehyde overnight. The first part of dissection after that is to cut away the thyroid gland and the remaining muscles in front of the larynx, except for the cricothyroid muscle and the esophagus and hypopharynx from the back of the larynx. The complete thyroid cartilage is dissected out, and then a horizontal cut is made through the cricoid cartilage. Median-sagittal halving of the remaining larynx completes the gross dissection. Arytenoid cartilages are exposed by dissection of the arytenoid muscles and opening the cricoarytenoid joints. Now all parts of the laryngeal skeleton and all articulations are examined, and all muscles and soft tissues are visible and can be clipped for histological examination.     

Intra-cartilaginous laryngeal haemorrhages and strangulation

A previously unrecognized laryngeal injury in young female victims of manual strangulation is described. Twelve larynges that were retrospectively and prospectively collected at the Office of the Chief Coroner for Ontario (1982–1997) were used for this study. In all instances, the larynges were from cases of strangulation (mean age 27±10 years, range 20–46) with classical postmortem findings of asphyxia and either manual or combined manual and ligature strangulation. None of the larynges had fractures of the lamina of the thyroid cartilage, superior cornua, or cricoid cartilages. However, in 9 of the 12 cases (75%), sagittal sections revealed multifocal acute haemorrhages into the base of the superior cornua of the thyroid cartilage at the point of origin from the laminae. The presence of acute intra-cartilaginous haemorrhage into the larynx likely represents the disruption of small blood vessels due to elastic deformation of the flexible larynx during strangulation. The recognition of this form of laryngeal injuries broadens the pathological findings in cases of asphyxia associated with pressure on the neck.     

根据中国汉族女性甲状软骨推算年龄的研究

目的 根据中国汉族女性甲状软骨推算年龄。方法 对69例已知年龄的中国汉族女性甲状软骨进行软X线摄片和(或)普通X线摄片,从甲状软骨的摄片上选择5个与年龄变化关系较为密切的观察部位,每个部位又划分成3至6个等级,然后采用多元线性回归分析法,建立其推算年龄的数学模型。结果运用该方法推算女性甲状软骨年龄,其标准差为1.969,复相关系数为0.984。结论 本方法适用于中国汉族女性甲状软骨年龄推算,其有效年龄范围为18～60岁。     

利用髋骨进行性别判别的的新方法

通过已知性别的干燥成人髋骨190副（男123副，女67副）进行研究，发现髋骨上界线的弧长、界线的弦长和孤高，以及髋臼的直径等值均存在着显著的性别差异。四项指标的单一性别判别准确率分别为78．42％、73．68％、74．74％及72．63％。分别利用前三项指标与髋臼直径的比值作为性别判别公式，判别准确率可达91．58％、8．95％、85．26％。利用筋骨进行性别判别建立新的方法。     

PowerPlex16 HS系统直接扩增法检测肋软骨

目的检验PowerPlex16HS直接扩增系统对软骨的有效性。方法采用PowerPlex16HS复合扩增系统对10例腐败尸体的肋软骨进行直接扩增检验。结果所检验肋软骨都获得了完整遗传图谱,检测成功率为100%。结论 PowerPlex16HS系统直接扩增法能够应用于肋软骨的DNA分型检验。     

Metacarpal sexual determination in a Spanish population

Anthropologists and forensic pathologist determine the sex of skeletons by analyzing quantitative and qualitative characters in the bone remains. Generally, the skull and os coxae are the elements most used, but they are not always preserved. In such cases, the investigator needs to have available other techniques based on different remains. The aim of the present work is to develop and describe discriminating functions for sex determination in a recent Spanish population using metacarpal morphology. A sample of bones corresponding to a contemporary Spanish population deposited at the Complutense University of Madrid (UCM) was analyzed. This sample comprised 697 metacarpals, corresponding to 79 adult individuals (37 men and 42 women). These allowed us to obtain 120 unifactorial discriminant functions. We selected the 10 equations, one for each metacarpal from both hands, that provided the best sexual discrimination. The correct sex classification rank progressed from 81%, for right (R) metacarpals IV and V, to 91%, for left (L) metacarpal II. The results suggest that metacarpals are structures that can be used for sex determination in paleoanthropological and forensic identifications.