“可再生能源”的法律定义

研究“可再生能源”的法律定义是起草我国《可再生能源促进法》的基础。法律定义的不同模式利弊互现 ,国外可再生能源的法律定义也各具特色。本文在对“可再生能源”法律定义模式的利弊分析和国外立法的实证考察基础上 ,根据我国特点提出了我国《可再生能源促进法》的法律定义模式 ,并起草了“可再生能源”法律定义的试拟稿     

论我国可再生能源配额制的建立——以落实我国《可再生能源法》的规定为视角

可再生能源配额制作为推动可再生能源发展的主要制度选择,在英美等国获得普通认同和法律确认。我国2005年颁布的《可再生能源法》采用德国式强制上网与固定电价制度来推动可再生能源的发展。经过几年的发展,我国可再生能源开发利用无论在数量还是类型上都取得极大进展。但不可否认,可再生能源仍然面临许多发展的瓶颈和障碍。建立并利用可再生能源配额制以进一步推动可再生能源的发展,已经成为当务之急。我国可再生能源配额制的制度建构,应当根据我国可再生能源发展现状、电力体制改革的现状、国家对电力市场的监管水平、与现有制度的衔接并借鉴吸收其他国家的配额制经验等进行。     

欧盟可再生能源法律与政策及其对我国的启示

随着传统能源的消耗和环境污染的加重,开发和利用可再生能源成为各国政府刺激经济的重要手段。欧盟一直是环境保护和防止气候变化的倡导者和主要推动力量,在相关法律和政策方面比较侧重于解决环境污染、全球气候变暖等方面的问题。欧盟的可再生能源法律与政策中包括许多可再生能源方面的技术性法律法规与政策等。而在我国,可再生能源的发展还处于刚刚起步阶段。虽然颁布了《可再生能源法》,已经取得初步成绩,但我国作为能源消耗大国,能源问题和环境问题日益突出,可再生能源法律与政策仍有待完善。     

可再生能源开发利用的税法促进

在推进可再生能源的诸多法律制度中,税法制度有其独特的优势。我们应当借鉴国外经验,通过完善能源税法、开征化石燃料税,降低可再生能源开发利用的税收,以降低可再生能源开发利用的成本和价格,提高可再生能源产业的市场竞争力,促进我国可再生能源的大规模开发和利用。     

“双碳”目标对我国可再生能源立法的影响及其应对

“双碳”目标的核心是减碳，逐步降低化石能源在我国能源结构中所占比重。大力实施可再生能源替代行动，是推进“双碳”目标实现的基本路径依赖。可再生能源的发展离不开法律制度的引导与保障，就我国目前可再生能源立法的现状来看，存在对可再生能源发展缺乏系统性安排、外部性问题解决路径选择不准、稳定性制度安排缺失等问题。应在“双碳”目标指引下进一步完善我国可再生能源立法，以推进可再生能源技术创新为基本导向，构建布局优化与协同的法律制度，对可再生能源开发环节与利用环节进行结构性整合。     

德国可再生能源法对我国立法的启示

德国在可再生能源促进方面形成了较完整的法律体系,其中《可再生能源优先法》是德国可再生能源法律体系中最重要的法案。自2000年获得通过以来,经历数次修改,2009年通过的《可再生能源法》修订案在法律体系、立法目的等各方面都有较大的调整。德国可再生能源促进法律具有重视法律规范的科学性、法律主体权利义务明确、注重运用市场经济手段三个特征,对我国可再生能源法的完善有一定的借鉴意义。     

我国新能源与可再生能源立法之新思维

我国新能源与可再生能源的开发利用存在技术瓶颈、成本障碍、制度困扰等一系列问题;新能源与可再生能源的立法则存在立法与新能源与可再生能源开发利用的现实及其发展不相适应、立法过于抽象且难以适用、法律政策化、制度的配套跟进不到位等问题。为解决这些问题,需要确立新的立法思维,从立法理念、法律框架与调整方法、立法内容与制度衔接、政策与法律手段的选择、立法技术等方面寻求创新和突破。     

海洋可再生能源开发利用的法制建设思考

可再生能源的开发利用目前已受到人们的普遍重视,海洋能以其开发潜力大,蕴藏能量多,清洁无污染成为可再生能源未来的开发重点。本文介绍了目前国外海洋能开发利用的近况,并对我国不同的海洋能源发展情况及开发潜力一一作以说明,认真分析了我国海洋能发展缓慢的几点现实因素,进而从法律原则、具体法律制度等方面对未来海洋能开发利用的法制构建提出了建议。     

海洋可再生能源开发的法律制度与国家实践

联合国秘书长在第六十七届联合国大会上所做的《海洋及海洋法》年度报告针对海洋可再生能源初步提出治理政策与法律框架,建议各国在这方面制定相关的法律制度,但并没有做具体研究和陈述。当前的立法和研究在支持和加快发展海洋可再生能源开发利用项目方面有着很大的积极作用,制定相关活动的法律管理制度亦是我国建设海洋强国不可或缺的必要条件。论及海洋可再生能源开发相关国际法律文件所规定之权利和义务,并检视美国、英国以及加拿大等国的国家实践,期能提供我国在建设相关法制时之参考。     

我国《可再生能源促进法》的制度设计

制度设计是我国《可再生能源促进法》起草研究中的难点和关键。本文以此为主题,在立法价值和制度设计宗旨的探讨基础上,着重分析制度体系和制度创新,提出在该法律中至少应涵盖的十项制度和不能回避的可再生能源配额制度、绿色能源证书交易制度等若干制度创新。     

Tilting at Offshore Windmills: Regulating Wind Farm Development Within the Renewable Energy Zone

Offshore wind farms are likely to be a key component of theUnited Kingdom’s strategy for renewable energy, and theEnergy Act 2004 introduced a new legislative framework for thedevelopment of wind farms beyond the limits of territorial seawithin designated renewable energy zones. The compatibilityof the new arrangements with international marine and environmentalobligations is analysed. Rights of navigation, the protectionof the marine environment and the decommissioning of turbinesat the end of their operational life all raise significant legalissues. The introduction of the Energy Act is an important developmentin assisting the construction and operation of offshore windfarms. But the law was passed at a time when a number of majorreviews had concluded that the legislative and policy frameworkfor the protection of the marine environment suffered severeweaknesses. It is unfortunate that the UK Government did notconsider the creation of an offshore renewable energy industryas an opportunity to develop and apply the sort of new marineconservation strategies and legal frameworks being advocatedas essential in this area.     

Resolving Conflicts Between Endangered Species Conservation and Renewable Energy Siting: Wiggle Room for Renewables?

Two federal policies—the protection of endangered species, and the rapid creation of a renewable energy infrastructure—currently exist in significant legal tension. While both are important for the development of necessary sustainability, climate change induced by the continuous burning of carbon-based fuels likely poses a greater threat to endangered species than does the growth of commercial-scale renewable energy sites. This article outlines several points of conflict between the two policies and subsequently considers the extent to which federal agencies responsible for renewable energy oversight and development possess wiggle room under the Endangered Species Act. A few recommendations for greater leeway are then offered.     

The Proliferation of Renewable Energy Systems will Continue Irrespective of Federal Support

James Richard Perry's U.S. Department of Energy recently released a staff report on electricity markets and reliability which, among other things, discussed concerns regarding the reliability of renewable energy system. Notably, however, the purported issues regarding renewable energy systems should be more accurately described as issues resulting from our aging electrical infrastructure, which is currently based on the 100-year old Edisonian peaker plant model. Accordingly, this article briefly reviews the environmental benefits of renewables, highlights new and exciting renewable technologies developed to overcome issues related to antiquated distribution networks, and discusses why the market for renewable energy systems will continue to flourish—regardless of U.S. Federal support.     

制定单行《民事非讼程序法》的建议与思考

在我国民事诉讼法上,由于传统理念的影响,导致了现行程序立法上的简单化和单一化,表现之一即是解决争讼案件与非讼案件程序上的合一。然而,非讼案件与争讼案件的不同特点,以及解决纠纷程序机制的不同,又从客观上提出了制定单独的《民事非讼程序法》的现实要求。对于我国《民事非讼程序法》的制定,应当在充分考虑我国市场经济条件下非讼纠纷大量出现的现实情况,以及解决社会非讼纠纷实际需要的基础上进行。     

Green Alert: The Need to Rescue New York's Renewable Energy Portfolio Standard

New York is set to miss the 2015 Renewable Energy Portfolio Standard deadline, due in a large part to over-reliance on in-state generation projects. Although much of the current discussion and articles written about New York energy policies are focused on hydrofracking, clean and renewable energy should not be lost in the discussion and the state cannot afford to miss a major energy policy goal. This article provides an analysis of the current energy policies of the Cuomo administration and highlights a major out-of-state generation project, the Champlain Hudson Power Express.     

Market definition as value reconciliation: the case of renewable energy promotion under the WTO Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures

The interrelationship between renewable energy support policies and World Trade Organization (WTO) law is an important recent manifestation of the challenge to reconcile environmental and economic values in contemporary societies. This article strives to contribute to the discussion by using the intersection between policies to support renewable energy, in particular sustainable biofuels in the EU, and the WTO’s Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures as a case study. The article discusses how efforts to promote renewable energy seem to have become contingent upon the core legal notion of ‘relevant markets’. The article further claims that this contingency is problematic: renewable energy markets are highly complex in practice, and combined with the WTO’s convoluted interpretations of ‘relevant markets’, the legal outcomes struggle to find the proper balance between appropriate support for sustainability and the prevention of protectionist market fragmentation.     

德国能源立法及其对我国的启示

德国一直注重通过法律手段对能源产业、能源供需制度进行调节和监管。目前,德国已形成了以《能源经济法》为基本法,由煤炭立法、石油立法、可再生能源立法、节约能源立法、核能立法、生态税收立法等专门法为中心内容的能源立法体系,对我国的能源立法具有较大的借鉴意义。     

关于匿名诉讼的立法思考——拷问实名诉讼的缺憾

不论英美法系国家和地区的民事诉讼规则,还是大陆法系国家和地区的民事诉讼法,都规定当事人以实名的方式进行诉讼。不过,崇尚实践理性的英美法系国家的法官,基于案件的实际情况有时许可当事人以匿名的方式进行诉讼。我国现行《民事诉讼法》有关起诉条件中应记明当事人姓名的规定已不能适应实践的需要。民事诉讼法应该规定当事人具有匿名诉讼的权利,法院应该按照一定的程序规则,在当事人匿名和公开其姓名之间权衡利弊以决定是否同意当事人的匿名诉讼申请。