敦煌归义军赋税制的特点

敦煌归义军政权实行据地出税的政策,其地税主要包括地子、官布、税草和税柴。由于归义军实行请田制度,不仅赋税的征收完全以土地为据,就是部分差科的征发,也以土地为据。赋税主要以乡为单位征收,具体则由“某头”负责。归义军政权的赋税制度既与中原王朝的制度有一致性,也有自己的创造和变通,但在发展趋势上却与中原王朝相一致,由此可以从一个侧面认识唐后期五代宋初经济制度的演变。     

政权"内卷化"与国家建设的悖论——从"文化权力网络"的理论逻辑出发

所谓"政权扩张的内卷化",是指一种社会或文化模式在某一发展阶段达到一种确定的形式后便停滞不前,无法转化为更高形态的现象.对发展中国家而言,政权内卷化往往是现代化过程中的"陷阱".本文认为,从"文化权力网络"的逻辑出发,关键在于给予民众民主权刺,通过民主,至少是部分的民主自治来解决地方政权经纪化的问题.但对于绝大部分后发现代化国家来说,在完成国家民主化转型的过程中,在经济发展与社会稳定之间往往要作出艰难的权衡,如何迈出这一步,不仅对学者是一种考验,同样也考验着执政者.     

法律应对贪官"零宽容"

大部分社会都对贪官污吏保持法律上的高压,以维持社会管理机构的权威和政权的正当性,以实现起码的社会公正.中国古代社会的明太祖朱元璋的治官之道,最为人津津乐道.这个出身乞丐、造反起家的皇帝深知民之疾苦与贪官污吏之间的因果关系,更知道"水则载舟水则覆舟"的道理,因此,他把贪官污吏看作挖朱家王朝墙角的大敌,故而打出"明君治官不治民"的招牌,对贪官污吏下死手.……     

“华夷共和天下国”:传统中国宏观国家结构及其“宪法”理念新诠

"天下国"既是古代中国中央王朝对于政治共同体的一种认知或假设,也是古代中国国家政权组织模式框架的一定程度的设置。"天下国"国家结构模式有一个十分明显的特点,即中央王朝是"天下国"的政治文化中心,其政治文化影响力由里到外推及四方。和平、友好是"天下国"统治秩序的主流。对传统国家结构模式进行新解读,理解其内在精神,对于今天我们如何恢复民族精神、树立大国形象以及如何参与国际政治经济事务等问题有着十分重要的借鉴意义。     

民国时期广西地方治理的主张与实践

本文以民国时期旧桂系和新桂系在广西政坛的交替兴起为历史背景,通过考察两个政权在领导层的军事背景、与中央的关系、施政主张等,以此来比较和探讨他们在地方治理上的实践。从"桂人治桂"到"建设广西、复兴中华",桂系军阀在广西地方的政治舞台、甚至在民国的政治上都留下了浓墨重彩的一笔。     

“公共利益”与农村土地征用权刍议

"公共利益"这一概念在法学、政治学以及社会学中都有使用.在法学领域,它与公共权力或私人权利有着密切的联系,是与民生息息相关的重要概念范畴.由于在"公共利益"的需要范畴上没有明确的界定,导致在征用农村土地过程中,出现了地方政府乱征滥用土地、农民利益严重受损等问题.因此,从"公共利益"的需要出发,分析国家行使土地征用权的特征,并借鉴韩国等国家土地征用的法律约定,以寻求建立适合中国市场经济条件下的农村土地征用制度.     

论"一国两制"下香港特别行政区行政长官的独特作用

香港特别行政区行政长官的法律地位和职权是世界各国地方政权建设史上所没有的 ,其独特作用也是世界各国地方政权建设史上所没有的。     

若羌维吾尔语地名t∫aq(i)l(i)q考源

若羌县的维吾尔语称名t∫aq(i)l(i)q,系由乌古斯部族的t∫aruqlu(R)部落名称演变而来,始于公元前1世纪中叶,亦即清代汉文史籍中"卡克里克"译名之所本.该地名的使用,是古代突厥语族群入住塔里木盆地东缘地区的反映,而其起因则与西汉王朝和匈奴政权对东部天山地区的争夺密切相关.该部于公元2年"亡降匈奴",隋代以前游牧于西天山南麓,后移徙至今巴楚县境内.将若羌县的维吾尔语名称定为t∫aq(i)l(i)q无任何依据,亦割断了历史.现今流行的"源于qardal(i)q,意为'领路者'"、"源于t∫aq(i)l(i)q,意为'四口井'"或"源于t∫aq(i)l(i)q,意为'看见纺车的地方'"的说法,均属附会之说.应参照现代维吾尔语的特点,恢复其古名或清代的名称.     

儒家思想对西夏法制的影响

西夏党项人深受中原儒家思想的影响,统治者期望借鉴和仿效中原王朝的政治法律制度作为强国之策。儒家思想在西夏广泛传播并深入社会生活,成为西夏法律的思想基础。与此同时,"以孝道为核心"的儒家思想也对西夏社会风尚产生显著的影响。因此,儒家"尊君孝亲"、"慎刑德政"思想在西夏法制中都有深刻体现。     

地方政权建设法治化初探

地方政权是国家政权的基础 ,地方政权自身建设的法制化 ,自我管理的法治化 ,是建设“法治国家”最为直接的基础。地方政权设置的法治化 ,地方政权组织的法治化 ,地方政权运行的法治化 ,地方政权的监督法治化共同构成了地方政权建设法治化的基本内容。在《宪法》和《地方组织法》两部基本法律的基础上 ,制定一系列有关地方政权建设的法律、法规 ,将是我国近期法制建设的重要内容。     

Medicaid program; Medicaid managed care--HCFA. Proposed rule

This proposed rule would amend the Medicaid regulations to allow the States greater flexibility by giving them the option to require Medicaid recipients to enroll in managed care entities without obtaining waivers. These revisions, which are authorized by the Balanced Budget Act of 1997, would establish new beneficiary protections in areas such as quality assurance, grievance rights, and coverage of emergency services. They would eliminate certain requirements viewed by State agencies as impediments to the growth of managed care programs, such as the enrollment composition requirement, the right to disenroll without cause at any time, and the prohibition against enrollee cost-sharing. They would also permit State agencies to amend their State plans to require enrollment in managed care organizations subject to certain conditions, including limits on whose enrollment can be mandated, and a requirement for beneficiary choice. In addition, this rule would extend most of these new requirements to prepaid health plans.     

“省管县”体制改革中的法律冲突研究

在宪法层面,＂省管县＂体制改革虽然具有合宪性基础,但其在各层级行政机关行政权限配置上缺乏明确规定,产生了一定的法律冲突,即：在法律上,立法的缺失、法律规范的缺位、政策先行的困境等给＂省管县＂体制改革带来的法律冲突。为此,制定或修改法律以及选择性执法将成为＂省管县＂体制改革法律冲突解决路径在不同情境和不同阶段的理想选择。     

State Medicaid managed care enrollment: understanding the political calculus that drives Medicaid managed care reforms

The objective of this article is to understand the political motivations underlying Medicaid managed care reforms by examining the determinants of enrollment of beneficiaries in managed care plans in the fifty states. To highlight the role of the model variables, including measures of the political environment, public interest, and special interests, a distinction is made between capitated and fee-for-service managed care enrollment. The results show that cost containment within the context of the Medicaid program is perceived as strongly favored by voters. Accordingly, the relative cost and tax price of providing Medicaid services are important factors in states' decision to enroll Medicaid beneficiaries in managed care plans, particularly capitated ones. The results also indicate a surprisingly significant influence by labor unions that generally oppose managed care enrollment for fears of lost jobs. The recipient population and provider groups also play an important role in shaping the Medicaid managed care landscape. The influence of variables measuring states' ability and willingness to pay and median voter preferences suggest that, within the context of Medicaid managed care enrollment, the public's interests are being served; however, the results also point toward inequities within the program and implications concerning financing arrangements between states and the federal government.     

Solicitation of comments on the OIG/HCFA Special Advisory Bulletin on the patient anti-dumping statute--OIG and HCFA. Notice of proposed special advisory bulletin

This Federal Register notice seeks the input and comments of interested parties on a Special Advisory Bulletin being developed by the OIG and HCFA designed to address requirements of the patient anti-dumping statute and the obligations of hospitals to screen all patients seeking emergency services and provide stabilizing medical treatment to enrollees of managed care plans if their condition warrants it. In developing this proposed issuance and soliciting public comment, it is our goal to provide clear and meaningful advice with regard to the application of the anti-dumping provisions, and ensure greater public awareness of the hospitals' obligations in providing emergency medical services to those individuals insured by managed care plans.     

Policing Medicaid and Medicare managed care: the role of courts and administrative agencies

The much-publicized 2000 case of Frew v. Gilbert, in which a federal judge castigated the State of Texas for deficiencies in its Medicaid program, brought renewed attention to the issue of regulating the quality of care in Medicaid and Medicare HMOs. Frew and other recent cases highlight both the promise and the pitfalls of relying on courts to correct deficiencies in public managed care programs. This article argues that while litigation over inadequacies in Medicare and Medicaid managed care can serve an important signaling function in alerting agencies and legislatures about the need for reform, the role of the courts in policing public managed care is circumscribed by several constraints. Barriers to class action litigation and differences in the institutional capacities of courts and administrative agencies mean that litigation is best viewed as a supplement, not an alternative, to a renewed commitment to strong quality monitoring on the part of Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services and state Medicaid agencies.     

公司多边治理研究

公司多边治理是指在生产经营过程中的决策、执行与监督由公司物质资本、人力资本以及信贷资本的投入者共同进行治理。应对公司多边治理的理念、条件、类型、前提、结构等问题进行研究和构想 ,以实现公司治理制度的创新。     

Leading the health policy orchestra: the need for an intergovernmental partnership

The past decade provides a useful window through which to examine whether states are likely to provide health care leadership. During this era, states were given increased discretion to set health care policy, they had the financial resources to encourage innovation, and their administrative capacity was at its strongest ever. Despite the favorable conditions, however, states were reluctant to spend their own funds on programs for the uninsured, their efforts to make private insurance more affordable for the small business community were disappointing, and their efforts to regulate the managed care industry fell short. At the same time, though, the most promising innovations over the past decade were in programs financed primarily with federal dollars, administered primarily by state officials, and advanced by an intergovernmental partnership in which administrators at different levels of government prod each other to try and do more. This sort of intergovernmental partnership provides the best model for innovative health policy leadership.     

Managed competition versus industrial purchasing of health care among the Fortune 500

The theory of managed competition has found favor with many health policy analysts and academic economists alike. Three characteristics--consumer choice, defined contribution, and dissemination of information--signal managed competition strategy. By requiring private employers to provide their employees with a choice of health carriers, a fixed-dollar strategy (defined contribution), and quality information to make appropriate choices among carriers, managed competition offers to remedy imperfections in both the consumer and provider sides of the market for health insurance. In an extensive survey of health care purchasing practices among Fortune 500 companies we found that major companies are not using the managed competition approach to health care purchasing. Instead, most of the companies surveyed are purchasing health care in the same way as they do other inputs to production--a pattern we call industrial purchasing.     

Managed care liability today: laws, cases, theories, and current issues

Managed care entities face numerous liability issues in today's changing healthcare environment. This Article provides the plaintiff with a comprehensive road map for navigating the many avenues of managed care liability. The author describes ERISA pre-emption provisions and suggests ways plaintiffs' attorneys can strive to narrow the pre-emption. The Article also provides in-depth analysis of each theory of managed care liability that has been litigated against managed care entities to date, and then goes on to explore state laws imposing liability on managed care entities, and how HMO liability is being reformed through legislative action. For plaintiffs' attorneys seeking the full spectrum of theories of managed care liability, or for defendants' attorneys wanting to remain updated on all potential claims to defend, this Article constitutes an extensive primer on the current issues.