ABSTRACTS

China and Africa： An Initial Analysis of the Involvement of China＇s State-owned Enterprises in the Construction of the Three Grand Networks in Africa
Zhi Yuchen
China＇s cooperation with Africa in constructing the three grand networks in Africa not only reflects China＇s economic and trade policies towards Africa, but also meets the needs of the social and economic development in Africa. The active participation of the Chinese state-owned enterprises in such projects on the bases of their advantages not only imply their needs of internationalization, but also facilitates the state-owned capital to make contributions to China＇s external economic and trade strategy. This paper, based on the facts of China＇s investment and achievements in the construction of communication infrastructure in Africa as well as the reality of African planning and construction of communication networks, has meticulously analyzed the major concerns of the five sub-regions in Africa and talked about the significance of Chinese stateowned enterprises＇ participation in the construction of the three grand networks in Africa as well as the governing principles and possible routes.     

The EU's New China Policy and the Future of Bilateral Ties

This article forecasts the future of bilateral ties by examining the recent readjustments in the European Union’s China policy.It highlights the EU’s interest in a closer bilateral cooperation focusing on pragmatism and an integrated approach to China by EU member states.The future of bilateral ties will hinge on whether the two sides can seize the current opportunity to expand complementary areas in their economies while curbing competition.     

The Role of FOCAC in the Development of Africa

China-Africa cooperation in the modern time started after the inauguration of China-Africa relations in 1956. At that time, the focus of cooperation was in the political area, with China supporting the movement of national independence of Africa and Africa supporting China＇s cause of unification. From 1978 to 1999, with great changes in both China and Africa, China-Africa cooperation entered the second phase. China had begun to implement the policy of reform and opening up, and African countries had moved from seeking national independence to developing national economy.     

Russia-EU Relations： Deadlock and Prospect

In the wake of EU＇s eastward enlargement, relations between Russia and the EU experienced fluctuations and finally went into deadlock in 2006 which has remained until now. However, no matter from the point of geopolitics or from the perspective of economic interdependence, Russia and the EU are important cooperative partners for each other, and they have realized the current deadlock in their relations is not conducive to their own interests. Therefore, both sides have tried to adopt some remedial measures to bring the relationship back to the track of normal development.     

China＇s Engagement in African Security Cooperation： Evolution and Prospects

Although China began to engage in military cooperation with Africa quite soon after the founding of the People＇s Republic in 1949, there are as yet few articles on Sino-African security cooperation. Now, with a much closer security relationship between China and Africa, there is a need for more study of this issue. This article gives some idea of the evolution of Chinese engagement in African security cooperation and examines new opportunities for, and challenges to, a more active Chinese engagement in Africa in this domain.     

Conflicting and Complementary Elements in China and U.S.'s Policy towards Africa

Since the launching of the China-Africa Forum in 2000, the Chinese government has comprehensively strengthened its ties with Africa.China＇s trade, investment, and aid in Africa have been expanding. Africa has been placed at the forefront of national strategy. Also in 2000, President Bill Clinton signed the African Growth and Opportunity Act （AGOA）, increasing America＇s attention towards Africa. Since then, both China and the U.S. have been increasing their trade, investment, and aid in Africa. In 2011, the trade volume between China and Africa reached US$166.3 billion while that between the U.S. and Africa was US$113.2 billion. Unfortunately, China and the U.S. have not sought a cooperative pattern of action in Africa based on complementarity, mutual respect and mutual benefit. Instead, they have accused each other of bad conduct.     

EU Security Policies and Their Prospects

EU security policies consist of two aspects. Internally, they involve behaviors among European states. Externally, they refer to EU policies towards other countries and regions. I. EU's internal security policies. Europe's integration has impact on EU's internal security policies. Today, it is impossible to have war or face military threats among EU members. After suffering countless wars, this achievement is by no means easy. The reason for this achievement is that we believe if traditional nation states can open their borders, conduct cooperation, and render part of their sovereign rights to an integration institution, they will coexist even more peacefully. In the past half a century, the internal security policies of the EU have worked, ensuring that Europe has not witnessed military conflicts any more.     

Congratulations on the 50~(th) Anniversary of the Beginning of Diplomatic Relations between China and African Countries

This year marks the 50th anniversary of the beginning of diplomatic relations between China and African countries. Over the past half a century, with the joint efforts by the leaders and peoples of China and Africa, the friendship between China and Africa has been increasingly consolidated and the relations between the two sides have grown to a new high. In November this year, the Beijing Summit and the Third Ministerial Meeting of the China-Africa Cooperation Forum will be held in Beijing to discuss the further strengthening of the relations and cooperation between China and Africa. To commemorate these historic events, the current issue of this Journal is bringing out four articles with regard to Sino-African relations and the situation in Africa to share with our readers.     

International IPR Protection System and China＇s Answer

The current international system for the protection of intellectual property rights （IPR） with the Agreement on Trade- Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights （TRIPS） at its core has its positive contents and functions and at the same time many defects and drawbacks. In recent years disputes over IPR have become a hot issue in the relations between China and Western countries particularly the United States, and have, to a certain degree, affected the normal development of China＇s relations with other countries in the world. Admittedly, it is due, to a certain extent, to China＇s imperfect legal system for intellectual property rights, but at the same time it is also attributable to the deficiencies of the current international IPR protection system.     

The Role of Africa in China＇s Rise

Africa plays an important role in China＇s rise. Sino-African ties bolsters up Chinese influence. African enthusiasm for taking a leaf from China＇s experience to shake off poverty has boosted China＇s soft power. Africa defends China as a responsible partner against Western slander of practicing neocolonialism. Africa provides China with the driving force for sustainable development. Africa supports China＇s national unification and demonstrates political solidarity with China. In recent years Africa＇s success in enhancing collective strength through deepening solidarity has won admiration and respect. Its strategic status is on a steady rise. It is our sincere hope that Africa will walk on the road of prosperity as soon as possible.     

Impact of the Chinese Model in Africa

The Chinese model has a fairly big influence in Africa. Ever since reform and opening-up, China has been focusing on the central task of economic construction, which brought rapid economic growth, strengthening comprehensive national power, improving lives of the people and extending international influence. The success of the Chinese model has aroused much interest in the world, especially Africa, and produced positive effects. It is the outcome of a combination of several factors, such as the attraction of China＇s development, the impetus produced by that development and the appeal of China＇s friendly policies. Nevertheless, China is not going to sell its model and ultimately Africa has to carve out its own way of development.     

The Clash in Public Opinion between Europe and China： What, How and Why

Recent years have seen a tension between Europe and China in public opinion, which began in 2006 and climaxed in 2008 when the Tibet riots and the Beijing Olympics put China under the global spotlight. Europeans and Chinese view each other more negatively than in ＂the good old days＂ and there is a growing perception gap regarding the Chinese government. The media （including the Internet） and public opinion leaders （scholars, human rights activists, dissidents, politicians and diplomats） have played a part in causing this both in Europe and in China, and this paper examines their roles. This paper also identifies three reasons behind the clash of viewpoints： First, lack of common values has exacerbated Europe＇s fear of a rising China; second, both Europe and China use this hostility to help redefine their self-identity; third, different development needs in China and Europe have nurtured very different mindsets. In the future, the European public＇s interest in China will continue to grow and Europe＇s and China＇s perceptions of each other will gradually stabilize. In the long run, whether Europe will accept a rising China depends on China＇s ability to develop a ＂Chinese thinking＂ which suits both China＇s and the world＇s development needs.     

Prospects for Sino-Russian Relations and China＇s National Interests in the Next Decade

The next 5-10 years will be a pivotal period in which China will implement its ＂ 11 th Five-Year Plan＂ and accelerate its construction of ＂ a moderately prosperous society.＂ It will also be an important period for Russia＇s resurgence. Sino-Russian relations are therefore facing new challenges and will be steadily developing. Under these new circumstances, clearly defining China＇s national interests in Sino-Russian relations will be an important prerequisite of ensuring the healthy and stable development of bilateral relations and of safeguarding China＇s peace and security. For the foreseeable future, China＇s national interests in Sino- Russian relations will be the further consolidation of mutual trust between the two countries and increasing Sino-Russian security cooperation so as to maintain peace and security in China ＇s northern border areas. As the two countries are both in a phase of social transformation, they can nevertheless learn from each other throughout this process. China will continue promoting diversity of cultures and the multi-polarization of world. China should also exploit Sino-Russian economic cooperation and try to frame a joint strategy with Russia in order to achieve common development and prosperity. Consequently, the two countries will be able to march forward side by side along the path of economic reforms and structural adjustment.＂ In the 21st Century, China and Russia not only need to maintain a good neighbor relationship and guarantee their joint security, but also build a closer cooperation in their common development.     

Chinas Agricultural Aid to Afri -- Evolvement and Efficiency of Management Pattern

Agriculture has always been an important field of China＇s aid to Africa. China began its agricultural cooperation with Africa in 1959 when it provided Guinea with gratuitous aid of grain. Statistics show that from 1960 to 2010, China built a total of 220 agriculture-related projects in Africa, which accounted for about one-fifth of the complete projects it rendered to Africa.     

On China＇s Military Transparency

For many years, major Western countries have all along held that the rapid increase of its comprehensive national strength offers china an opportunity ＂to make the country rich and the army strong＂. In their eyes, in the late 1990s, China＇s military expenditure kept growing by two-digit percentage, the orientation of China＇s military modernization was not clear, and China＇s intention in national defense, the scope and composition of its army, the use of military expenditure and military deployments all remained in a ＂non-transparent＂ status. They asserted that all this had constituted challenges and threat to the surrounding countries. In raising the issue of China＇s military transparency, these countries did not refer to bilateral or multilateral issues, but mostly requested China to become unilaterally and all-dimensionally transparent in military affairs. They are publicizing China＇s military transparency either out of their belated knowledge, or lack of trust in China, or for paving the way for concocting the ＂China threat＂ theory.     

On the Basis of Sino-U.S.Cooperation

The thirty years＇ reform and open door policies in China have injected elements of capitalism into the Chinese economy. These capitalist factors have had a huge impact on China＇s domestic and foreign policies; economically speaking, China and the United States have become quite similar. The ideological differences which made them enemies in the first thirty years after the founding of the PRC have lessened considerably, and the two now interact as commercially competitive partners. This current similarity, according to the author, is the foundation which guarantees the future success of Sino-U.S. cooperation.     

Our Friend or Foe? Exploring CommonGrounds for China-Africa Relations

China’s presence in Africa has a long history of cordial interaction spanning from ancient to contemporary times.The history of China-Africa relations is held in high esteem by the two sides,as both share a history of foreign invasions and of solidarity for a common destiny.However,new narratives promoted by antagonists of China’s presence in Africa are constructed to portray China in a negative light without recourse to history.Arguably,the Chinese exploration of Africa can be said to have started many centuries before the arrival of Europeans on the continent.     

The Resurgence of Chinese Anti-Americanism in the 1990s： State Policy or Popular Expression？

While Western observers typically attribute the population＇s nationalist anti-Americanism largely to government propaganda or manipulation, they misunderstand the roots of anti-American behavior in China. As depicted by Peter Hay Gries in China＇s New Nationalism and by Michael H. Hunt in The Genesis of China＇s Foreign Policy, a more nuanced portrayal is in order. While the two books utilize distinct socialpsychological and historical perspectives, an integrative reading of the two suggests that popular expression is in fact largely responsible for China＇s anti-Americanism. At first this conclusion in favor of popular expression may seem at odds with Hunt＇s state-centered analysis of the roots of foreign policy. Nevertheless, after a brief summary of each book and a comparative application to the issue of anti-Americanism, the authors demonstrate that applying a comparative historical reappraisal to Hunt＇s study suggests that both scholarly works support the predominant role of popular expression on contemporary China＇s nationalist anti- Americanism.     

An Analysis of the Indian Modi Administration's Policy on the South China Sea Issue

Geographically,India is not a country in the region of the South China Sea,nor is it a country concerned in the issue on a geopolitical level or a US ally in the Asia-Pacific region.It has been very cautious to avoid taking sides in the South China Sea issue.However,since Modi took office in 2014,changes have taken place in the external environment that India faces,in maritime safety strategy,as well as in India's policies toward the US and China.India is becoming increasingly active in the issue of the South China Sea,voicing criticism and taking precautions against China.While India's policy on the South China Sea will not be completely the same as that of the United States and Japan,due to concerns for its own interests in the future,it is quite possible that India will take advantage of the issue of the South China Sea and will adopt more comprehensive ways to get involved in the issue.     

Europe-Africa Relations in Transition： From Dependence to Equals？

For a long time, relations between the European Union and Africa are not on an equal footing. As early as half a century ago, the European Community, predecessor of the EU, drove the former colonies of some member states into a framework of “special relationship” with the Community and established a system to keep them dependent on their former European suzerains through unequal trade and aid. Most of those countries that were driven into the system were African states. Such a system demonstrated the one-way control by the developed European countries over the developing African countries. With the continuous improvement of Africa＇s strategic position, ever since 2005, the EU, for its own economic and security interests, has issued with great fanfare policy documents on Africa, adjusting its policy toward the continent and proposing to make the “equal political partnership” between the EU and Africa as the primary objective of its Africa policy. However, due to historical and realistic reasons, it is not easy to achieve genuine equality between the EU and Africa; to make it a reality, colossal efforts have to be made.