小国大爱：奇迹背后的法治力量（连载二）

国家形象公关危机变成转机 33名矿工遇险，原本会在人道主义的光芒下折射出国家矿业安全体制的漏洞，成为皮涅拉政府和智利国家形象的一场公关危机。     

一位普通矿工的安全生产观

“‘安全记在心．落实在行动．道理不多讲．关键在实干’。我在井下挖了20多年煤，琢磨出这几句话。”安徽淮北矿业集团朱仙庄煤矿掘进二区矿工倪龙说．“矿工是鱼，安全是水．鱼儿怎能没有水？”     

南非《矿山健康与安全法》述评——兼论我国矿山安全监管法制的完善

南非1996年《矿山健康与安全法》构建了严密且具有预防性的安全管理体系,体现了矿业发达国家在协调政府、雇主、雇员和社会组织有关健康与安全关系上的基本立场和政策选择.该法是南非矿山发展史上一部具有里程碑意义的法律,其先进的立法理念和制度设计为我国修改《矿山安全法》、完善安全监管法制等提供了有益的借鉴.     

北碚区院推进作风建设深入煤矿开展实践活动

为进一步加强作风建设，增强服务大局意识，近日北碚区检察院组织全院中层以上干警到重庆天府矿业有限责任公司，深入煤矿体验矿工艰辛的工作环境，走近矿工学习他们艰苦奋斗的精神。     

案例简报

本刊讯广西南丹“７·１７”特大透水事故调查工作基本完成。近日，国务院听取了广西南丹“７·１７”特大透水事故调查组关于事故调查情况的汇报，通过了调查组提交的事故调查报告。经调查，这是一起因南丹县大厂矿区非法开采，以采代探，乱采滥挖，矿业混乱，违章爆破引发特大透水的重大责任事故。事故造成８１名矿工死亡，直接经济损失８０００余万元。该事故反映出河池地区、南丹县主要领导及有关部门长期以来存在的忽视安全生产、无视矿工生命安全、滥用职权、行政和执法部门严重失职、渎职等一系列问题。调查报告指出，南丹县大厂矿区…     

矿山安全法在实际操作中的不足与完善

我国矿山安全法虽已形成了以《宪法》和《劳动法》为根基的一些相关法律、法规,但在这一宏观体系内,还存在着法律内容滞后、法律空白、法律之间的相互矛盾等许多问题,有待于改进和完善。因此,应借鉴发达国家的相关经验,尽快修改与完善《矿山安全法》及《矿山安全法实施条例》;及时梳理其他与矿山安全有关的法律法规,保证立法、执法的协调一致;规范矿山生产监管,提高矿山安全生产监管水平,促进矿业经济发展。     

来自山谷的求助(下)

险恶的局势就在水牛湾地区灾难发生数月之前,华盛顿某联邦法庭认定,受矿工联合会控制的银行、矿工联合会、银行行长和某基金受托人,应当向哈利的委托人——所有福利基金的受益人,即全体残疾工人、工人遗孀支付共计115万美元的金额。由于西弗尼吉亚州的许多群众都是该案的受益人,哈利·休奇律师成为西弗尼吉     

中国矿工的权利救济调查报告

近年来,中国煤炭工业得到了长足发展,有力的支撑了国民经济的持续快速增长。同时,矿灾的频频上演,死亡矿工人数占到世界死亡矿工总数的五分之四。血淋淋的事实折射出中国矿山法制与安全建设的悲哀。本文将从经济学的角度分析导致矿灾频发的利益激励制度,从法学的角度分析法律制度在此方面软约束的原因,进而探索出较为合理的矿工安全生产法律保障机制和受难矿工权利救济制度。     

勤劳致富,造福一方

一名生活清贫的退休矿工,艰苦拼搏,成就了 一番事业,拥有矿业、药业、房地产业等好几家实 力大公司,而且心系百姓,造福乡梓,成为闻名遐 迩的“慈善企业家”。     

壕赖沟:那亲人生死未卜的日子

2007年1月17日零时许,内蒙古包头市超越矿业有限责任公司壕赖沟铁矿发生了透水事故,35名矿工被困井下,生死未卜。48小时的挂念在过去的48小时里,     

论矿业法律责任的重构

现行矿业制度几乎没有安全与健康、环境污染、矿业相邻关系以及公权力行政等方面的重要法律责任,因而在矿山企业违法结果发生后则以人治取代法治而治不胜治,这主要是以“矿”为主的财产性《矿产资源法》法律渊源的局限。应制定以“业”为主的管制性《矿业法》,以矿山企业应承担的社会责任为依据设置第一性义务,不履行第一性义务则按第二性义务承担不利后果。第二性义务是以社会性矿业法律责任为主,与经济性、政治性法律责任等构成矿业法律责任体系。社会性矿业法律责任的民事侵权适用严格责任原则、无过错原则、因果关系推定以及并不以违法为条件等。     

中国现代矿业制度研究———基于《矿产资源法》修改的框架性建议简

修改《矿产资源法》,以破除“两证同体”制为入口,以建立现代矿业制度为目标,重构矿业法律体系.从传统的调整矿产物权为主的《矿产资源法》,转向现代的以调整矿山产业为主的《矿业法》.现代矿业制度,明确市场与政府的分工,让权利与权力之间边界明晰：矿产资源国家所有权融入普通物权地位而由民法调整,矿产权的商品市场自由流转;政府对产权归属明晰的矿产开发行为和开发主体进行严格管制,矿业开发市场必须受到严格限制.建立合理且严格的矿业开发市场准入制度,对进入市场后的矿业环境保护、场所健康与安全、矿业用地以及矿业相邻关系等行为进行重点规范,并构建保障这些行为预期的系列矿业法律责任.     

社会性管制的法律变革与绩效分析

20世纪70年代以来,放松经济性管制、加强竞争成为席卷全球的一场法律经济政策的深刻变革,与此同时,以环境保护、职业健康、消费安全等为主要内容的社会性管制得到明显加强.社会性管制有着不同于经济性管制的法律特质,其立法勃兴从福利经济学、法律社会化方面可以找到思想基础.评价与衡量社会性管制的法律绩效不应单纯从经济成本-收益出发,而更多应关注其促进社会福利、大众正义、整体和谐的深层价值所在.     

论《精神卫生法》的自愿原则

为了防止正常人"被精神病",更好地保护精神障碍患者的合法权益,《精神卫生法》确立了自愿原则。该原则渊源于私法领域的自愿原则而又与其不同,是在知情的条件下对精神卫生服务的单方接受自愿。它回应了要像人一样保护精神障碍患者,彰显了精神卫生法的福利法本质。它包涵自愿诊断、自愿治疗和自愿出院三个既相互区别又相互联系子原则。非自愿诊断、非自愿治疗、非自愿继续住院治疗只是自愿原则的补充,此种例外旨在寻求患者精神健康权与社会公众安全保护的平衡。     

The invention of health law

By default, the courts are inventing health law. The law governing the American health system arises from an unruly mix of statutes, regulations, and judge-crafted doctrines conceived, in the main, without medical care in mind. Courts are ill-equipped to put order to this chaos, and until recently they have been disinclined to try. But political gridlock and popular ire over managed care have pushed them into the breach, and the Supreme Court has become a proactive health policy player. How might judges make sense of health law's disparate doctrinal standards? Scholars from diverse ideological starting points have converged toward a single answer: the law should look to deploy medical resources in a systematically rational manner, so as to maximize the benefits that every dollar buys. This answer bases the orderly development of health care law upon our ability to reach stable understandings, in myriad circumstances, of what welfare maximization requires. In this Article, I contend that this goal is not achievable. Scientific ignorance, cognitive limitations, and normative disagreements yield shifting, incomplete, and contradictory understandings of social welfare in the health sphere. The chaotic state of health care law today reflects this unruliness. In making systemic welfare maximization the lodestar for health law, we risk falling so far short of aspirations for reasoned decision making as to invite disillusion about the possibilities for any sort of rationality in this field. Accordingly, I urge that we define health law's aims more modestly, based on acknowledgement that its rationality is discontinuous across substantive contexts and changeable with time. This concession to human limits, I argue, opens the way to health policy that mediates wisely between our desire for public action to maximize the well being of the many and our intimate wishes to be treated noninstrumentally, as separate ends. I conclude with an effort to identify the goals of health law, so constructed, should pursue and to suggest how a strategy of accommodation among these goals might apply to a variety of legal controversies.     

Health standards for occupational noise exposure. Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA), Labor. Final rule

This final comprehensive rule replaces MSHA's existing standards for occupational noise exposure in coal mines and metal and nonmetal mines. The final rule establishes uniform requirements to protect the Nation's miners from occupational noise-induced hearing loss. The rule is derived in part from existing MSHA noise standards, and from the Department of Labor's existing occupational noise exposure standard for general industry promulgated by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). As a result of the Agency's ongoing review of its safety and health standards, MSHA determined that its existing noise standards, which are more than twenty years old, do not adequately protect miners from occupational noise-induced hearing loss. A significant risk to miners of material impairment of health from workplace exposure to noise over a working lifetime exists when miners' exposure exceeds an 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA8) of 85 dBA. MSHA expects that the final rule will significantly reduce the risk of material impairment within the mining industry as a whole.     

Relational legal consciousness in the punitive welfare state: How Dutch welfare officials shape clients' perceptions of law

With a growing number of strict obligations and harsh sanctions for welfare recipients, the Netherlands has increasingly become a punitive welfare state. This article looks at what this means for welfare clients and their commonsense understandings of the law. To analyze how welfare officials shape clients' legal consciousness, I draw on an online survey among Dutch welfare clients (N = 1305) and a correlation analysis. The findings show that there is a clear relationship between welfare clients' own legal consciousness and their assessment of welfare officials' beliefs about the law. However, not all elements of their legal consciousness are relationally influenced by the same factors. Also, clients' self-reported compliance behavior is less relationally influenced than other elements of their legal consciousness. This study adds to our understanding of the mechanisms that constitute the production of relational and second-order legal consciousness and it contributes to the development of new research methods to study people's perceptions of law.     

我国矿区环境保护的法律思考

环境保护是矿区生态协调稳定和资源可持续利用的重要保证.但是由于现行的矿区环境法律体制不健全,法律制度不完善,法律难以得到有效的实施,矿区环境问题十分严重.为此,应通过建立严格的矿区环境准入机制,严格的矿业权许可制度,建立矿区环境恢复治理保证金制度,完善矿区环境立法及明确行政执法主体,强化市场在环境保护中的作用,加强行政引导和调控机制,重视闭矿后环境保护等相关制度来解决矿山环境问题突出的矛盾.     

美国联邦政府的煤矿安全生产监管制度研究

中美两国都是世界上最主的煤炭生产国和消费国.但是,两国的煤矿安全状况却存在较大差异.除了煤炭产业结构、技术水平和资源禀赋等因素之外,煤矿安全监管法治建设也是导致这一差异的重原因.美国煤矿安全生产立法经历多轮修订,不断纠正历次重大煤矿事故暴露出的监管缺陷,建立起独立高效的煤矿安全监管体系,完善煤矿安全监察和事故调查程序,优化了法律责任和执法机制.此外,煤矿安全监察员和煤矿从业人员的强制培训制度,也可以有效加强监管机构的监管能力和监管对象的合规水平.而美国矿山安全和健康委员会独立负责的行政复议,有效保障了对行政执法行为的纠错和对相对人的救济功能.这些经验值得中国参考借鉴.     

Juridification and the Construction of Social Citizenship

The article elaborates on the legal construction of citizenship within the welfare state. The concept of citizenship is constructed from the perspective of rights and is closely related to the legal development of various fields of law. Juridification processes in the welfare state directly concern the construction of social citizenship and indirectly affect both political and civil citizenship. Concentrating on juridification within the framework of the welfare state implies that the development of welfare law is the focal point of the article. To understand the implications of juridification processes in the welfare state, we concentrate on the relationship between social citizenship, on one hand, and political and civil citizenship, on the other, and consider the implications of the legal and institutional construction of social citizenship. Social rights may confine the scope of political and civil citizenship and at the same time enhance individual freedom and the extent of political action.