尿中氯喹定性定量分析方法的研究

建立了人尿中氯喹的定性定量分析方法,2ml尿样用2ml×2环己烷：乙酸乙酯（8：2）提取净化后,60℃水浴室气吹干,残留物定容溶解后,气相色谱分析,氯喹的保留时间为9．44min。方法最低检测限为200ng／ml,回收率为87．0％,RSD＝7．9％（n＝5）,在0～50μg／ml浓度范围内,有良好的线性关系：A＝1778．9＋13686C,r＝0．999。方法同时可用于血中氯喹的分析。附一例应用报告,测得尿中氯喹的含量为0．745mg／ml,血中氯喹的含量为3．68μg／ml。尿液中同时检出氯喹的N－去单已基代谢物。定性结果经质谱法验证。     

顶空固相微萃取与气质联用快速检测尿液中氯胺酮及去甲基氯胺酮

目的建立利用顶空固相微萃取（HS／SPME）结合气相色谱／质谱联用技术（GC／MS）快速检测吸毒人员尿液中氯胺酮（KT）及其主要代谢物去甲基氯胺酮（NK）的方法。方法样品瓶中加入尿样、6mol／L氢氧化钠溶液、固体氯化钠、SKF525A（内标），85℃下加热搅拌，用100μm聚二甲基硅氧烷（PDMS）萃取头顶空萃取10min，GC／MS（EI-SIM）检测。结果尿液中NK和KT浓度在0．1～2．0μg／ml范围内呈现线性关系，相关系数分别为（r^2）0．9991和0．9945，检测限（D／N=3）分别为0．87ng／ml和2．76ng／ml，定量限（S／N=10）分别为2．90ng／ml和18．52ng／ml。1ml尿液加标600ng，NK回收率在85．5％～110．1％，RSD〈13．2％（n=6）；KT回收率在77．5％～109．6％，RSD〈511．99％（n=6）。结论建立的方法简单、快速、灵敏、准确，适合尿液等生物检材中NK及KT的快速定性定量分析。     

尿中MDMA及其代谢物的GC和GC／MS分析

考察MDMA在人体内的代谢以及建立尿中MDMA和体内主要代谢物MDA的分析方法。尿样水解后经液-液提取处理,用GC／MS（EI、PCI）和GC／FID法分析。人摄入MDMA后尿中MDA和原体MDMA比约为0．10～0．14。GC／MS／SIM和GC／FID法的最低检出限为2ng／ml和50ng／ml,回收率大于85％,变异系数小于10％。该法简便快速、灵敏度高、结果可靠,可用于MDMA滥用者的尿样鉴定。MDA／MDMA浓度比可作为评判毒分结果的参考指标。     

氟乙酰胺和氟乙酸的毛细管柱气相色谱检测

本文建立氟乙酰胺和氟乙酸的毛细管柱气相色谱检测方法，氟乙酰胺和氟乙酸的线性检测范围为0．0625mg/ml～4mg／ml和0．625mg／ml~20mg／ml，最小检出浓度为31．25ug／ml和625ng/ml．太原地区地摊所售鼠药87．5％含有氟乙酰胺，30％含有氟乙酸．     

LC／MS／MS法测定全血中马钱子碱和士的宁的含量

目的建立定量分析人全血中马钱子碱和士的宁的高效液相色谱质谱联用法。方法应用Oasis^TM MCX小柱进行固相萃取法提取，XTerra^TM RP18色谱柱分离。结果在该条件下，人血中马钱子碱和士的宁的线性范围为0．01—5．0μg／ml，最小检出限为0．2ng／ml；马钱子碱和士的宁在0．01—5．0μg／ml浓度范围内的回收率均在80％以上。结论高效液相色谱质谱联用法可定量测定血中马钱子碱和士的宁。     

GC—MS／MS法检验生物检材中的无机氰化物

目的建立一种检验生物检材中无机氰化物的GCMS／MS方法。方法首先将生物检材中的无机氰化物在酸性条件下蒸馏出,用碱性溶液吸收后,氰离子在相转移催化剂作用下被五氟苄基溴（PFB-Br）衍生化,最后用GC-MS／MS法分析衍生化产物。结果衍生化产物PFB-CN的MS／MS质谱图特征性强,定性准确;在20-1500ng／g浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系（r＝0．998）,最低检测限为5ng／g,回收率为82．3％－98．6％。结论本方法简单实用,灵敏度高,准确可靠,适用于生物检材中无机氰化物的检验。     

血中苯酚及甲酚的固相萃取-GC/MS分析

用固相萃取－GC／MS对人血中的酚和甲酚进行定性和定量分析。采用GDX403对分析物和邻氯酚（内标）进行固相萃取，并采集总离子流色谱。根据分析物在血中的浓度，通过总离子流色谱峰的质谱和保留时间或特征离子质量色谱峰保留时间进行定性分析。实验采用特征离子质量色谱进行定量分析，线性范围0．02～10μg／ml。本方法检测限为10ng／ml，CV％为2.11～4.20％，分析物和内标的萃取率为68．6～89．5％，血中添加测定回收率为97．8～104％。本法测定健康人血中苯酚含量为2．2±0．4μg／ml．     

尿液中铊的微波消解ICP／AES标准加入测定法

目的建立尿液的微波消解和金属毒物铊的ICP／AES标准加入分析方法。方法取1．0mL尿样于聚四氟乙烯消解管中,加入3mL浓硝酸和0．5mL双氧水,进行微波消解。冷却后,用2％的硝酸定容至10．0mL。根据标准加入法进行ICP／AES定量分析。结果回收率为101．5％,检出限为2．6ng／mL,线性范围为0．05ug／mL～2．0ug／mL。结论该方法操作简便,回收率高,检出限低,可多元素同时测定,结果可靠。     

LC-MS／MS法测定人血浆中盐酸洛哌丁胺

目的建立人血浆中盐酸洛哌丁胺的液相色谱-质谱联用测定法（LC-MS／MS）。方法血浆样品中盐酸洛哌丁胺与盐酸小檗碱（内标）经甲醇液．液提取后,采用ZORBAXSB—C18色谱柱（2．1mm×150mm×5μm）,柱温35℃,流动相为乙腈：0．1％甲酸（60：40,V／V）,流速为0．4mL／min,进样量10μL。电喷雾离子源（ESI）,正离子检测,以多反应监测（MRM）方式进行定量分析,用于监测的离子为m／z477→266（盐酸洛哌丁胺）和m／z366→292（内标）。结果盐酸洛哌丁胺的检测下限为0．2ng／mL（S／N=3）,在浓度0．5～500ng／mL范围内线性良好（r=0．9982）,低、中、高浓度（1ng／mL、20ng／mL、400ng／mL）的平均回收率分别为84．6％,88．5％和90．2％,日内与日问RSD分别小于6％与7％。结论LC—MS／MS法可用于盐酸洛哌丁胺的定性定量分析。     

生物试样中巴比妥类药物固相提取柱上衍生化GC/MS分析

建立生物试样中常见巴比妥类药物的固相提取和柱上衍生化GC／MS分析法。将预制的血或肝分别在pH6．0和pH2.2的条件下过预活化的GDX－403吸附小柱，再用缓冲浪和蒸馏水各4ml顺序洗柱。最后用4ml丙酮／氯仿（1：1）溶剂洗脱样品，离心弃除水相，80℃挥至近干，用50μl乙醇定溶、取净化的样品2～4μl挥至近干，加20μl0．2molTMAH衍生化试剂，直接进样0.5μl，柱上衍生化GC／MS（GC）分析。在试验条件下，当血和肝分别添加2．0μg和5．0μg混合药物，回收率≥80％，相对标准差（RSD）优于±10％，检测限优于5ng（信／噪比≥2）。该法能有效地排除类脂物和组胺的干扰，可用于治疗量级药物分析和婴幼儿中毒案检验。     

尿液、血液中γ-羟丁酸的气质联用法分析

目的为尿液、血液中γ-羟丁酸(gamma-hydroxybutyricacid,GHB),γ-羟丁酸内酯(gamma-butyrolactone,GBL)和1,4-丁二醇(1,4-butanediol,1,4-BD)的鉴定提供方法和依据。方法100μl尿液或血液以GHBd6为内标,经乙酸乙酯提取、BSTFA衍生化后,用GC／MS法分析。结果测尿液中内源性GHB的线性范围是20-800ng／ml,R2=0.9995,最低检出限为10ng／ml(S／N≥3);测尿液、血液中外源性GHB的线性范围为5-60μg／ml,R2分别为0.9999和0.9928。相对回收率为99％-104％。以所建方法测定了健康志愿者尿液中内源性GHB含量,并考察了健康受试者外源性GHB的代谢情况。结论所建方法准确、便捷、省时、选择性好,适用于法医毒物学鉴定。     

A fatal poisoning caused by methomyl and nicotine

A 35-year-old male was found lying in a prone position in his room. He was in cardiopulmonary arrest on arrival to hospital and was pronounced dead. There was no attempt at resuscitation. No miosis was observed on admission. At post-mortem his stomach contained 170 g greenish liquid with a small amount of shredded tobacco leaves. The serum cholinesterase activities were 47-90 IU (normal range for male: 200-440 IU). GC and GC-MS analyses showed nicotine (21.8 mg), methomyl (304 mg), and triazolam (1.69 mg) in his stomach. He had consumed tobacco leaves, Lannate containing water soluble methomyl (45%), and Halcion tablets containing 0.25 mg triazolam. Methomyl concentrations in blood were 3-8 ng/ml. Substantial amounts of methomyl (2260-2680 ng/ml) were detected in cerebrospinal fluid and vitreous humor. Nicotine concentrations in blood ranged from 222 to 733 ng/ml. A small amount of triazolam was detected only in bile (176 ng/ml) and liver (23 ng/g). The cause of death was respiratory paralysis produced by the additive effects of methomyl and nicotine shortly after consumption.     

Validation of a high performance liquid chromatographic method for alpha amanitin determination in urine

The objective of the present study was to develop and validate a liquid chromatographic method with electrochemical detection to measure alpha amanitin concentrations in urine after sample pretreatment with double mechanism (reversed phase/cation exchange) solid-phase extraction cartridges. The urine samples (10 ml) were purified and concentrated to 1 ml with elimination of matrix contaminants. The extracts were then separated by isocratic reversed-phase chromatography using a C18 column (4.6 mm×25 cm) with a mobile phase composed of 0.005 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.2) and acetonitrile (90:10). Coulometric detection was performed by applying an oxidation potential of +500 mV to a porous graphite electrode in a low-volume analytical cell. The limit of quantitation was 10 ng/ml with a signal-to-noise ratio=25. The linearity studied on spiked urine was satisfactory (r=0.9966) from 10 ng/ml to 200 ng/ml. The average extraction recovery of alpha amanitin was 78%, determined using spiked urine samples ranging from 10–300 ng/ml. The intra-assay precision was checked at 10, 50 and 100 ng/ml levels (n=10) in spiked urine samples, with resulting coefficients of variation of 3.6%, 2% and 1.5%, respectively.     

Acute intoxication caused by overdose of flunitrazepam and triazolam: high concentration of metabolites detected at autopsy examination

ABSTRACT: A 52-year-old woman was found dead on the floor of the living room on the first floor of a house, which belonged to the man with whom she shared the house. On visiting the site, her clothes were found to be undisturbed. Packages of flunitrazepam (Silece, 2 mg/tablet) and triazolam (Halcion, 0.25 mg/tablet) were found strewn around the victim. Toxicological analysis was performed, and the concentrations of flunitrazepam, triazolam, and their metabolites in the victim's blood and urine were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array and mass spectrometry. A high blood concentration of 7-aminoflunitrazepam was detected (1,270 ng/g), and further metabolites such as 7-acetamidoflunitrazepam, 7-acetamidodesmethylflunitrazepam, and 7-aminodesmethylflunitrazepam were detected in the blood and urine samples. In addition, 4-hydroxytriazolam and α-hydroxytriazolam were detected in her urine at a concentration of 950 and 12,100 ng/mL, respectively.On the basis of the autopsy findings and toxicology results of high concentrations of both flunitrazepam and triazolam derivatives, the cause of death was determined to be acute intoxication from flunitrazepam and triazolam.     

尿中三唑苯二氮(艹卓)及其主要代谢物,1-羟甲基三唑苯二氮(艹卓)的EI/CI/MS鉴定

本文在综合文献的基础上,建立了尿中三唑苯二氮(艹卓)及其主要代谢物的鉴定方法。本法以20ml尿样,在PH为9时,用乙醚提取。提取物用无水硫酸钠脱水,K、D、浓缩到0.5ml,固体进样杆直接进行EI/CI/MS分析;质谱分析在Finnigan Mat 1020 GC/MS/DS仪上进行。EI、CI源,甲烷作反应气,源室压力0.35吒。2ul样品由固体进样杆进样,其温度程序:初温60℃,以120℃/min速率升温到350℃。所建立的分析方法快速、灵敏,口服给药量为0.5mg时,可检出尿中1—羟甲基三唑苯二氮(艹卓)。     

LC-MS/MS analysis of pholedrine in a fatal intoxication case

Pholedrine (4'-hydroxymethamphetamine) is a cardiovascular agent exerting hypertensive and adrenergic effects. High doses may cause a drop in the peripheral circulation blood flow and increase blood pressure, heart rate and body temperature up to a state of central respiratory paralysis. A 15-year-old girl who suffered from heavy agitation and hallucinations was admitted to the intensive care unit in a comatose state. The clinical findings included a maximum heart rate of 170 bpm and a body temperature of 43.8 degrees C. Resuscitation measures were in vain and abandoned after approximately 2h. A toxicological emergency analysis using GC/MS revealed a considerable amount of pholedrine in blood and urine. A method for determining pholedrine in human body fluids utilizing high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) with a turbo ion-spray source was developed, using D11-methamphetamine and D5-methylenedioxymethamphetamine as internal standards. Samples were prepared by SPE extraction using SPEC-C18AR/MP3((R)) columns, which yielded the best extraction recovery (67%). Chromatographic separation was achieved at pH 5 on an RP-18 stationary phase applying gradient elution from 50 to 70% of B (methanol/acetonitrile 3/1 (v/v), 0.02% acetic acid) in A (5mM ammonium acetate/acetonitrile 95/5 (v/v), 0.02% acetic acid). Supra-pure acetic acid was added to the post-column effluent with a flow rate of 0.2 microl/min to optimize ionization. Detection was carried out in the positive ionization, multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The chromatograms showed no interference from other substances. The limit of detection (LOD, S/N=3) of pholedrine was 0.8 ng/ml and its lower limit of quantification (LLOQ, S/N=10) 3ng/ml. The calibration curve was linear (r=0.999) in the range 1-100 ng/ml. Samples with higher concentrations were diluted to suit the working range. The intra-day R.S.D. between 5 and 80 ng/ml were 3.8-8.7% and the inter-day R.S.D. between 5 and 100 ng/ml were 6.7-10.7%. The pholedrine concentrations in blood and urine collected when the girl was still alive were 16.1 microg/ml (R.S.D. 10.5%) and 1120 microg/ml (R.S.D. 8%), respectively. In post-mortem samples, they were 23.0 microg/ml (R.S.D. 5.1%) in heart blood and 27.3 microg/g (R.S.D. 6.6%) in the liver.     

尿样中海洛因代谢物的测定及海洛因滥用的确认

用ＳＰＥ－ＧＣ－ＮＰＤ法建立了尿样中吗啡、６－单乙酰吗啡及可待因的定性分析方法,适用于海洛因滥用者的尿样分析。尿样中吗啡及可待因的最小检测限均为５０ｎｇ／ｍｌ。方法的相对标准偏差分别为：吗啡１１．３％（ｎ＝５）,可待因１４．２％（ｎ＝５）。方法简便、灵敏、快速,１５ｍｉｎ可完成一例尿样的分析。研究了服用含可待因成分的复方甘草合剂后,尿样中的吗啡及可待因的峰面积比为０．４５７±０．１９７（Ｐ＝９９％）;统计了４０例明确滥用海洛因尿液的分析结果,吗啡与可待因的峰面积比为３．４６±０．８９４,Ｐ＝９９％。可作为判断海洛因滥用的依据。同时与免疫板法比较,附５５例免疫板法阳性尿样的分析结果     

高特异性三唑仑代谢物单克隆抗体的制备

目的建立分泌抗三唑仑代谢物α-羟基三唑仑单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株,制备高特异性的三唑仑代谢物单克隆抗体,为三唑仑及其代谢物免疫分析方法的开发奠定基础。方法在三唑仑分子的6位苯环对位上引入活性氨基基团,然后通过缩合反应分别与匙孔血蓝蛋白(KLH)和牛血清白蛋白(BSA)相偶联形成完全抗原。以三唑仑-KLH免疫Balb/c小鼠,通过细胞融合,筛选等杂交瘤技术建立稳定的分泌特异性单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株。纯化后的单克隆抗体,分别用SDS-PAGE电泳法、间接ELISA法和胶体金免疫层析法对其纯度、效价及灵敏度和特异性进行测定。结果获得3株能稳定分泌三唑仑代谢物单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株,分别命名为2G4,4B2和5H6。2G4和4B2抗体只与三唑仑代谢物α-羟基三唑仑有反应,灵敏度分别为500ng/mL和750ng/mL。与其他参试物无交叉反应。因5H6抗体为IgM,考虑到纯化难度和实际应用的限制,暂未做深入研究。结论本研究制备的2G4和4B2单克隆抗体仅识别三唑仑代谢物α-羟基三唑仑,具有高度特异性和灵敏度。