合成大麻素类新精神活性物质4F-MDMB-BUTINACA和MDMB-4en-PINACA的检测

目的建立联合傅里叶变换红外光谱(Fourier transform infrared spectrum,FTIR)、气相色谱-质谱(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)、高分辨质谱和核磁共振波谱(nuclear magnetic reso-nance spectroscopy,NMR)多种技术鉴定可疑未知物的方法。方法对实际案件中缴获的可疑检材(灰白色粉末和黄色晶体)分别采用FTIR、GC-MS(溶剂为甲醇)、高分辨质谱(溶剂为甲醇)及NMR(溶剂为氘代甲醇)方法进行检测。结果 GC-MS测得样品中主要组分的质谱特征离子m/z分别为219(基峰)、363、307、304、275、145、131和213(基峰)、357、301、298、269、185、171、145、131,高分辨质谱实测的精确质量数[M+H]+分别为364.203 61和358.212 34。经查阅资料和数据库检索比对再结合红外分析和质谱数据分析,可判断未知样品为合成大麻素类新精神活性物质2-[1-(4-氟丁基)-1H-吲唑-3-甲酰氨基]-3,3-二甲基丁酸甲酯(4F-MDMB-BUTINACA)和3,3-二甲基-2-[1-(4-戊烯-1-基)-1H-吲唑-3-甲酰氨基]丁酸甲酯(MDMB-4en-PINACA),并采用1H-NMR对其结构进行了确证。结论建立的多技术联合鉴定方法能用于未知样品中4F-MDMB-BUTINACA和MDMB-4en-PINACA的鉴定。该方法快速、方便、准确、可靠、实用,能够对今后涉及此类物质的案件鉴定提供参考依据。     

3,4-亚甲二氧基甲卡西酮的鉴定

目的 建立基于傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)结合高分辨质谱技术联合鉴定未知样品的方法.方法 未知样品采用红外专用取样器直接检测;甲醇溶解后采用GC-MS和组合型高分辨质谱检测,以MDMA为内标物.结果 未知样品获得的红外光谱特征吸收峰为1679(C=O键),1603,1502,1453,1423,1259,1121,1090,1035,930,887,838,768,742和717cm-1,质谱特征碎片峰(m/z)为58.1,91.0,120.9,149.0和207.0,测得的精确质量数[M+H]+为208.0966.经信息分析未知样品鉴定为3,4-亚甲二氧基甲卡西酮,该物质属于新型化学合成卡西酮类精神活性物质,已经列入部分欧盟国家的管制药物目录.结论 本方法可用于3,4-亚甲二氧基甲卡西酮的鉴定.     

新精神活性物质Dibutylone的鉴定

目的建立基于气相色谱-质谱(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)、高分辨质谱和核磁共振波谱技术联合鉴定未知样品的方法。方法样品用含内标盐酸双苯戊二氨酯(SKF525A)的甲醇溶液溶解后,采用GC-MS和高分辨质谱检测。混合样品经硅胶柱层析分离纯化后,用氘代甲醇溶液溶解进行核磁共振氢谱(~1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy,~1H NMR)的结构解析。结果 GC-MS检测获得样品中主要组分的质谱特征碎片离子m/z为86.1(基峰)、71.2、121.1、149.0,高分辨质谱实测分子离子峰的精确质量数为236.128 89,经数据分析再结合数据库比对在未知样品中检索出卡西酮类新精神活性物质1-[3,4-(亚甲二氧基)苯基]-2-二甲氨基-1-丁酮(Dibutylone),另外未知样品中还含有少量咖啡因。样品纯化后经~1H NMR鉴定,进一步确证为Dibutylone。此外,样品中主要组分的GC-MS保留时间和特征碎片离子与Dibutylone对照品一致。结论本研究建立的方法可用于混合样品中Dibutylone的鉴定。     

苯二氮卓类新精神活性物质去氯依替唑仑的定性检验方法研究

目的建立苯二氮卓类新精神活性物质去氯依替唑仑的气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)和超高效液相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间质谱(UPLC-Q-TOF MS)定性检验方法。方法未知样品用甲醇和水提取,取上清液,采用GC-MS和UPLC-Q-TOF MS进行分析。结果经GC-MS检测,保留时间为17.73 min的未知组分的质谱碎片主要特征离子峰有m/z 279,308,239,252,225,77,126。经UPLC-Q-TOF MS检测,保留时间为4.781 min的未知组分的准分子离子峰为309.1173,碰撞诱导解离(CID)模式下二级质谱主要离子有m/z 280.0776,255.0952,240.0719,225.0604,206.0748。经缴获毒品分析科学工作组(Scientific Working Group for the Analysis of Seized Drugs,SWGDRUG)分析谱库检索和文献查询获得的信息资料进行比对,鉴定为去氯依替唑仑。结论该方法具有分析简便、快速的特点,可以用于实际案件的检测。     

自主合成标准物质鉴定缴获物中的新精神活性物质ADB-FUBINACA

目的新精神活性物质在世界范围内蔓延迅速,但相关标准物质的短缺制约着其分析方法的研究和案件检验。本文以我国首次出现的N-(1-氨甲酰基-2,2-二甲基丙基)-1-(4-氟苄基)吲唑-3-甲酰胺(ADB-FUBINACA)制毒案件为例,介绍在无法及时获得商业化标准物质的情况下,不得不通过自主合成制备标准物质解决案件检验难题,建立该新精神活性物质检验的方法。方法建立气相色谱-质谱检验方法,分析条件:色谱柱为Aglient DB-5MS石英毛细管柱(30.00m×0.25mm×0.25μm);初始柱温60℃,按15℃/min升至300℃,保持15min;载气为氦,流速1.0mL/min,分流进样,进样量1.0μL,分流比20∶1;进样口温度280℃;电子轰击(EI)离子源,电子能量70eV,离子源温度230℃,四级杆温度150℃,传输线温度280℃,质量扫描范围m/z 40~500amu,全扫描模式(SCAN)采集总离子流图,溶剂延迟3.0min。案件缴获的送检未知样品经甲醇提取,超声、离心后,取上清液以GC-MS分析;将所得主要质谱特征碎片峰(m/z)通过NIST质谱库、SWGDRUG质谱数据库以及相关文献进行检索,初步确定待测目标物。采用有机合成技术制备ADB-FUBINACA标准物质,合成路线为:吲唑-3-甲酸甲酯与4-氟苄溴发生取代反应,生成1-(4-氟苄基)-1H-吲唑-3-甲酸甲酯;取代产物在碱性条件下经水解反应得到有机酸1-(4-氟苄基)-1H-吲唑-3-甲酸;在催化剂作用下,有机酸与L-叔亮酰胺发生酰化反应,制得化合物ADB-FUBINACA。经气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)、液相色谱-离子阱-飞行时间质谱(LCMS-IT-TOF)、核磁共振(NMR)等分析,合成化合物的结构得以确证;同时采用超高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测器(HPLC-PDA)进行分析,对其归一化纯度进行测定。将案件未知样品和合成标准物质分别用甲醇提取,超声、离心后,再行上清液GC-MS分析。结果经GC-MS分析,案件未知样品(RT=19.818min)的质谱特征碎片峰(m/z)信息为109.0(基峰)、253.1、338.1、309.1和145.0,经与合成标准物质的保留时间及质谱图检测比对,证实为N-(1-氨甲酰基-2,2-二甲基丙基)-1-(4-氟苄基)吲唑-3-甲酰胺;通过查阅相关资料,对上述质谱特征碎片峰的产生机制进行了推断,并对1H-NMR、13C-NMR和DEPT-135等一维核磁谱图的信号进行了归属分析。结论本文报道的新精神活性物质ADB-FUBINACA其GC-MS分析方法,可用于实际案件检验鉴定;合成化合物的结构表征方法也可用于固体ADB-FUBINACA的定性分析。基于有机合成技术的新精神活性物质制备与案件检验方法,可缓解有关标准物质短缺制约该类案件检验鉴定的现状。     

新型苯环己哌啶衍生物溴胺酮的表征与分析

为了对案件缴获的疑似毒品进行分析,确认化合物种类,建立化合物的表征数据,本文基于气相色谱–质谱联用技术(GC-MS)、液相色谱–高分辨飞行时间质谱联用技术(LC-QTOF)、傅里叶变换红外光谱技术(FT-IR)、核磁共振氢谱(¹H NMR)及碳谱(¹³C NMR)、X射线单晶衍射(X-ray diffraction of single crystal)等多种手段对目标化合物进行分析和表征。测定了已列管的氯胺酮和氟胺酮的二级质谱,建立中性丢失质谱碎片信息,并与目标化合物进行比对。通过多种分析手段与中性丢失质谱碎片信息比对结果,确认该化合物为溴胺酮。新型苯环己哌啶衍生物溴胺酮存在一定的毒品替代和滥用风险,本研究建立的溴胺酮的分析与表征数据能够为公安机关对溴胺酮的鉴定工作提供参考依据。     

可疑植物制品中合成大麻素5F-EDMB-PICA的鉴定

目的探讨无对照品时可疑植物制品中未知合成大麻素的定性分析策略。方法采用甲醇对植物制品中的合成大麻素进行提取,提取液经旋转蒸发仪浓缩后采用制备液相分离、纯化,得到高纯度合成大麻素制备样品,综合利用气相色谱-质谱法(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)、超高效液相色谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱(ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight massspectrometry,UPLC-QTOF-MS)、核磁共振(nuclear magnetic resonance,NMR)对制备化合物进行结构解析。结果采用制备液相得到10 mg高纯度未知样品,采用GC-MS、UPLC-QTOF-MS和NMR进行分析,通过谱图解析,最终确定未知合成大麻素为2-[1-(5-氟戊基)-1H-吲哚-3-甲酰氨基]-3,3-二甲基丁酸乙酯,简称5F-EDMB-PICA。结论本研究建立了采用制备液相从低含量植物制品中提取未知合成大麻素的方法,并综合利用GC-MS、UPLC-QTOF-MS、NMR实现了对未知物结构的解析,这些信息将有助于法庭科学实验室在鉴定实践中鉴定该物质或其他具有类似结构的化合物。     

MDMA前体PMK methyl glycidate的定性检验

目的利用PMK methyl glycidate来合成胡椒基甲基酮(piperonyl methyl ketone,PMK),可进一步合成3,4-亚甲二氧基甲基苯丙胺(MDMA)。本文首次报道了中国大陆出现的PMK methyl glycidate,并应用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)和核磁共振(NMR)技术对化合物结构进行了分析与确证。方法样品分别用甲醇和DMSO-d₆提取后,使用GC-MS和NMR进行检测。结果通过GC-MS分析测得化合物的质谱特征碎片和保留时间信息,并对氢谱碳谱的信号峰进行归属,确定了化合物结构。结论该方法简便可靠,能用于PMK methyl glycidate的检验。     

可疑片剂中新型喹酮类物质的鉴定

通过气相色谱–质谱法（gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, GC-MS）发现一种可疑新型喹酮类物质,进一步利用超高效液相色谱–四极杆飞行时间质谱（ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry, UPLC-QTOF-MS）对甲喹酮、依他喹酮和未知化合物进行结构解析,最后采用核磁共振（nuclear magnetic resonance, NMR）进行验证,建立对可疑片剂中未知喹酮类物质的定性分析。对甲喹酮、依他喹酮和疑似喹酮类物质的UPLC-QTOF-MS谱图进行解析后,预测疑似喹酮类物质的结构式可能为2-甲基-3-(2-甲氧苯基)-4-(3H)-喹唑酮[2-methyl-3-(2-methoxyphenyl)-4(3H)-quinazolinone],NMR分析结果验证了该结构式,建议新喹酮类物质应命名为甲氧喹酮。     

气-质联用法（EI．PCI．NCI）在系统毒物分析中的应用

本文应用电子轰击质谱(EI),正、负化学电离质谱(PCI.NCI)技术,建立了315种常见毒,药物的气一质联用系统分析方法。并建立了 EIMS、PCIMS、NCIMS 质谱图谱库。司法鉴定实践表明使用气相保留指数,特征碎片和 EI、PCI、NCI 图谱库检索等多指标的系统分析方法,是未知物鉴定的强有力的工具。     

Stability studies of ALD-52 and its homologue 1P-LSD

With the emergence of new psychoactive substances (NPSs) over the years, the substances detected on stamps (also known as blotter papers) have also evolved from the traditional drug—lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) to the multiple variants of lysergamides such as ALD-52 and 1P-LSD. The analysis of such blotter papers is usually done by solvent extraction followed by identification using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). This study has shown that hydrolysis to form LSD was observed in GC-MS analysis when ALD-52 was extracted with methanol. The extraction of ALD-52 using other solvents such as acetonitrile, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl acetate, and acetone, followed by GC-MS analysis, was investigated. It is shown that alcoholic solvents such as methanol and ethanol will result in the conversion of ALD-52 to LSD during GC-MS analysis, whereas the sterically hindered isopropyl alcohol will prevent this conversion. Investigation also shows that the hydrolysis of ALD-52 to LSD occurs at the GC injector port. It was also observed that the degree of hydrolysis was more pronounced at a lower concentration (0.1 mg/mL). The study was extended to a close analog—1P-LSD, and the results showed that 1P-LSD similarly hydrolyzes to LSD. However, 1P-LSD was observed to be more stable than ALD-52 due to steric hindrance because of the propanoyl group.     

超分子溶剂萃取-气相色谱-串联质谱法检测尿液中苯二氮䓬类药物

目的建立一种尿液中9种苯二氮?类药物的超分子溶剂样品气相色谱-串联质谱(gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,GC-MS/MS)分析方法。方法含9种苯二氮?类药物对照品的尿液样品用四氢呋喃和1-己醇组成的超分子溶剂进行液液萃取,取溶剂层氮吹至干,残余物用甲醇复溶后进行GC-MS/MS分析,数据采集方式为多反应监测模式,采用内标法定量。结果尿液中地西泮、咪达唑仑、氟硝西泮和氯氮平质量浓度在1~100ng/mL,劳拉西泮和阿普唑仑质量浓度在5~100ng/mL,硝西泮和氯硝西泮质量浓度在2~100ng/mL,艾司唑仑在质量浓度0.2~100ng/mL范围内具有良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.9991~0.9999,定量下限为0.2~5ng/mL,提取回收率为81.12%~99.52%,日内精密度[相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation,RSD)]和准确度(偏倚)分别小于9.86%、9.51%;日间精密度(RSD)和准确度(偏倚)分别小于8.74%、9.98%。室温和-20℃条件下,尿液中9种药物在15d内具有良好的稳定性。8名志愿者单摄口服阿普唑仑片后,在8~72h内尿液中阿普唑仑的质量浓度为6.54~88.28ng/mL。结论本研究建立的尿液中9种苯二氮?类药物的超分子溶剂萃取-GC-MS/MS分析方法,简便、快速、准确、灵敏,可为临床治疗及司法鉴定中苯二氮?类药物中毒监测提供技术支持。     

Identification and characterization of the new designer drug 4'-methylethcathinone (4-MEC) and elaboration of a novel liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) screening method for seven different methcathinone analogs

A fast and simple LC-MS/MS method was developed for screening mephedrone, butylone, methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), flephedrone, methylone and methedrone in bulk powder samples. Samples were separated on a reverse phase column using gradient elution with mixtures of water, acetonitrile and formic acid. After optimization a limit of detection of about 2ngmL(-1) was achieved using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. Total run time was less than 8min. Typical fragmentation characteristics of the studied compounds are discussed. The method was successfully applied to several unknown bulk powder samples seized by the Hungarian Customs and Finance Guard. One of the samples contained the new designer drug 4'-methylethcathinone (4-MEC), which was identified and characterized by LC-MS/MS, NMR, FT-IR and LC-TOF-MS techniques. The method is also deemed to be applicable for the screening of simple dosage forms such as tablets and capsules.     

HPLC-MS/MS法检测血液中甲卡西酮及其代谢物

目的建立同时检测血液中新精神活性物质甲卡西酮及其代谢物卡西酮、麻黄碱和伪麻黄碱含量的高效液相色谱-串联质谱方法,验证甲卡西酮在大鼠体内的代谢物。方法血液样品中加入内标物甲卡西酮-D3,经甲醇提取后采用InfinityLab Poroshell 120 Chiral-V型色谱柱分离,以甲醇和乙腈混合流动相恒比洗脱,采用电喷雾离子源多反应监测模式,检测腹腔注射染毒大鼠血液中甲卡西酮及其代谢物。结果血中甲卡西酮及其代谢物10~1000ng/mL浓度范围内线性关系良好(r>0.999),检出限均小于2ng/mL,定量限为10ng/mL,方法准确度为87.06%~112.62%,批间及批内精密度均小于15%;腹腔注射染毒大鼠血中检出甲卡西酮、卡西酮、麻黄碱和伪麻黄碱。结论本研究建立了血液中甲卡西酮及其代谢物的HPLC-MS/MS定性、定量检测方法,初步验证卡西酮、麻黄碱和伪麻黄碱为甲卡西酮的代谢物。     

GC-MS检测新型策划毒品K3

目的基于气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）检测结合特殊质谱库信息检索建立新型策划毒品的鉴定方法。方法未知样品用甲醇超声溶解,吸取上清液采用气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）联用仪检测。结果测得A组分（t R=19.47min）的质谱特征碎片峰（m/z）信息为215.1（基峰）、144.9、294.1、337.1和365.1,B组分（tR=23.29min）的质谱特征碎片峰（m/z）信息为359.1（基峰）、127.1、144.0、155.0、232.1、284.1和342.0。经美国缉毒署毒品分析谱库检索获得的信息资料,鉴定为新型策划毒品＂K3＂,其主要组分为＂AKB48＂和＂AM2201＂,此类化合物具有大麻类似精神活性,归属合成大麻素。结论本方法可用于新型策划毒品组分的鉴定。     

Application of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and CE with UV detection for the chiral separation and determination of the multiple illicit drugs on forensic samples

A new method was developed for pre-concentration, chiral separation and determination of multiple illicit drugs on forensic samples using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) and capillary electrophoresis (CE) with Ultra Violet (UV) detection. The method was based on the formation of tiny droplets of an organic extractant in the prepared sample solution using water-immiscible organic solvent (chloroform) dissolved in water-miscible organic dispersive solvent (isopropyl alcohol). The organic phase, which extracted heroin, DL-methamphetamine, DL-3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine and dl-ketamine from the prepared sample solution, was separated by centrifuging. The sedimented phase was transferred into a small volume CE auto-sampler vial with 10 μL of 1% HCl methanol solution and evaporated to dryness. The residue was reconstituted in lidocaine hydrochloride aqueous solution (internal standard) and introduced by electrokinetic injection into CE. Parameters affecting extraction efficiency were investigated and optimized. Under optimum conditions, linearity of the method was 0.15-6500 μg/L for all target analytes. The LODs (S/N=3) were 0.05-0.20 μg/L. Excellent repeatability (RSD ≤ 4.4%, n=5) was achieved. The feasibility of this method was demonstrated by analyzing spiked forensic samples. To our knowledge, it is the first time to combine DLLME with CE for chiral separation and determining illicit drugs on forensic samples.     

Halogenated solvent interactions with N,N-dimethyltryptamine: formation of quaternary ammonium salts and their artificially induced rearrangements during analysis

The psychoactive properties of N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) 1a are known to induce altered states of consciousness in humans. This particular attribute attracts great interest from a variety of scientific and also clandestine communities. Our recent research has confirmed that DMT reacts with dichloromethane (DCM), either as a result of work-up or storage to give a quaternary N-chloromethyl ammonium salt 2a. Furthermore, this was observed to undergo rearrangement during analysis using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) with products including 3-(2-chloroethyl)indole 3 and 2-methyltetrahydro-beta-carboline 4 (2-Me-THBC). This study further investigates this so far unexplored area of solvent interactions by the exposure of DMT to other halogenated solvents including dibromomethane and 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE). The N-bromomethyl- and N-chloroethyl quaternary ammonium derivatives were subsequently characterised by ion trap GC-MS in electron and chemical ionisation tandem MS mode and by NMR spectroscopy. The DCE-derived derivative formed at least six rearrangement products in the total ion chromatogram. Identification of mass spectrometry generated by-products was verified by conventional or microwave-accelerated synthesis. The use of deuterated DCM and deuterated DMT 1b provided insights into the mechanism of the rearrangements. The presence of potentially characteristic marker molecules may allow the identification of solvents used during the manufacture of controlled substances, which is often neglected since these are considered inert.     

Fourier-transformed infrared breath testing after ingestion of technical alcohol

The study aim was to evaluate the feasibility of a Fourier-transformed infrared (FT-IR) analyzer for out-of-laboratory use by screening the exhalations of inebriated individuals, and to determine analysis quality using common breath components and solvents. Each of the 35 inebriated participants gave an acceptable sample. Because of the metabolism of 2-propanol, the subjects exhaled high concentrations of acetone in addition to ethanol. Other volatile ingredients of technical ethanol products (methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, and 2-propanol) were also detected. The lower limits of quantification for the analyzed components ranged from 1.7 to 12 microg/L in simulated breath samples. The bias was +/-2% for ethanol and -11% for methanol. Within-day and between-day coefficients of variation were <1% for ethanol and <4% for methanol. The bias of ethanol and methanol analyses due to coexisting solvents ranged from -0.8 to +2.2% and from -5.6 to +2.9%, respectively. The FT-IR method proved suitable for use outside the laboratory and fulfilled the quality criteria for analysis of solvents in breath.     

Identification and characterization of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-nitro-β-phenethylamine (2C-N) - A new member of 2C-series of designer drug

The online sale of psychoactive substances, including hallucinogens, is becoming a serious problem in many countries. This paper presents and discusses the mass spectrometric, infrared spectroscopic and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic data of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-nitro-β-phenethylamine (2C-N), which was identified in a powder sample seized by the authorities in 2011 in Poland. The molecular mass of 2C-N (226.0954amu) was confirmed in the LC/ESI-QTOFMS experiment. The molecular ion was also observed in the GC-EI/MS spectrum. A characteristic set of ions for the parent substance was found using both chromatographic methods, and when derivatization with trifuluoroacetic anhydride (TFAA) was applied. Two broad dominant bands at 1520cm(-1) and 1342/1322cm(-1), observed in the FTIR spectrum of 2C-N, originated from the nitro group. NMR spectroscopy helped unequivocal elucidation of the structure. The applied identification procedure proved to be a powerful tool to determine the structure of a new designer drug.