违法性认识不是故意的要素

要成立犯罪,必须要求行为人具有违法性认识的可能性,但违法性认识不是故意的内容。故意是事实性判断,与作为规范判断的违法性认识并不相同。必须把违法性认识作为与故意不同的责任要素看待,这就要求修正目前通行的犯罪构成理论,对犯罪的成立与否分层次进行判断,在确定(责任)故意存在的前提下,进一步判断违法性认识以及责任是否存在。在违法性认识可能性不存在的场合,故意犯和过失犯都不成立。     

违法性认识之浅析

违法性认识,是指行为人对自己的行为是否违反刑法规范的认识。在认定犯罪故意时是否要求行为人具有违法性认识,这在大陆法系国家乃至我国的刑法界一直都是争论的焦点。其中,最为主要的两种争论为违法性认识必要说与违法性认识不要说。随着各种学说的交流深入,也出现了折中说。关于违法性认识中所"认识"的内容又有不同的见解,大陆法系国家有违反前法律规范说、违反一般法律规范说及可罚的违法性认识说。我国刑法没有明确将违法性认识定性,但是通过对刑法条文的探究,来表现违法性认识在我国刑法学中的重要性。     

走向现代刑法:违法性认识的规范展开

在"刑民不分"的前现代法律中,"不知法不免责"之"法",主要是伦理法、民商法,"责"则主要是采客观归责的侵权责任。而在"刑民有别"的现代法律中,由"前置法定性与刑事法定量相统一"的法益保护和不法制裁的部门法层级结构和比例分配所决定,客观构成要件中的规范要素以前置法的规范评价为核心,相应地,行为之前置法不法性认识乃主观构成要件的必备要素。是故,违法性认识错误实有狭义和广义两个层面。狭义的违法性认识错误,仅指前置法不法性认识错误,系事实错误范畴;广义的违法性认识错误,则指传统的刑事违法性认识错误,系法律错误范畴。前者决定故意的有无,后者影响责任的轻重。实践中,两者均得或者依据裁判规则进行推论,或者运用刑事推定进行认定。     

违法性认识研究

违法性认识是刑法中的一个重要问题,在刑法理论上存在违法性认识要与不要两派观点的对峙。本文对违法性认识理论的演变过程进行了系统梳理,对大陆法系主要国家关于违法性认识立法的演变进行了阐述,重点分析了我国刑法理论中关于违法性认识的争论。作者认为,违法性认识是罪责的规范要素, 因而对于罪责的构成来说是必要的。当然,如何认定违法性认识是一个值得研究的问题。     

违法性认识研究

关于违法性认识,一直是刑法学界分歧较大,争论较多的地方,不知法律不免责,对刑事立法产生了重大影响,也是刑事法律思想争论的渊源。本文从违法性和违法性认识的定义来着手,对违法性认识进行了详细的阐述,最后研究了违法性认识与社会危害关系和违法性认识的地位,有利于相关的研究人员能够进一步的理解关于违法性的认识。     

论违法性认识

我国刑法理论误把德国刑法中的不法译成违法,于是本来的不法性认识研究在我国转化成了违法性认识研究。本文从德国刑法违法性本来的含义(当与不当)出发,对比研究我国违法性认识研究的现状,得出德国违法性认识相当于我国社会危害性认识的结论。     

论违法性认识应成为犯罪故意的必备要件

犯罪故意中社会危害性认识的要求，旨在落实对故意犯罪人予以严厉责难的主观根据。但社会危害性认识是对行为本质属性的认识，需要站在一定的社会政治立场才能得出，而且其范围过大、标准不明确，因而缺乏科学性和可操作性。而违法性认识是达到一定程度的社会危害性认识的法律化和客观定型化的标准。作者在分别评析关于违法性认识的各种理论观点后，力主以违法性认识取代犯罪故意中的社会危害性认识，并初步探讨了司法中考察违法性认识的可行方法     

违法性认识之我见

违法性认识是刑法中一个重要问题,在大陆法系的刑法理论和实践中形成了违法性认识不要说和和必要说两派观点。本文对违法性认识理论的发展、内涵进行分析,并联系我国刑法社会危害性理论进行研究。作者认为,,违法性认识通过对责任的决定作用从而对于罪责的构成来说是必要的。     

三大法系违法性认识比较研究--我国刑法中违法性认识的另一种解读

违法性认识是刑法中一个比较重要的问题.由于受到不同法文化等因素的影响,三大法系对违法性认识问题的理论研究和在司法实践的处理则各具特色.通过对三大法系违法性认识问题的比较研究发现,解决违法性认识问题的根本前提就是要厘清刑法(具体规定) 及其规范和普通公民之间的关系.刑法只能按照普通公民所遵从的最基本道理("常识、常理、常情")进行立法、司法和执法.只有基于这一立场,违法性认识的相关问题才能够得到合理的解决.     

明知、社会危害性认识与违法性认识

在故意犯罪的成立条件中,是否需要行为人具备违法性认识,理论上存在争议和分歧,主要表现为违法性认识不要说和违法性认识必要说的对立。在坚持违法性认识必要说的前提下,有必要明确违法性认识与我国传统刑法中力倡的社会危害性认识的关系,即前者指涉的是形式违法性认识,后者指向实质违法性认识。应当以违法性认识取代社会危害性认识,积极推动和促进中国刑法理论向规范化、逻辑化、科学化、体系化思考方向转型。立基于理论分析和坚持罪刑法定原则要求的立法明确性,应当考虑修改《刑法》第14条第2款的规定,增加"行为人不存在违法性认识的,不成立故意犯罪;存在违法性认识错误的,可以酌情减轻或免除处罚"的内容,以明确违法性认识的法律地位,更好地处理违法性认识错误情形下的刑事责任判断问题。     

论法与法律意识

法与法律意识的相互作用及其矛盾运动 ,是法存在与发展的基本矛盾之一。法律意识的本原是而且只能是法律现象。法律意识的独立性 ,既相对于法律现象 ,也相对于除法律现象之外的其它现实的社会关系。培养法律意识的目的 ,主要是依靠一种进步的与科学的法律意识作为指导 ,形成正确的法概念 ,制定出一套好的法律规范与原则 ,建立一套好的法律制度 ,保证法律在实际生活中得到最有效的执行与遵守 ,使法的作用得到最有效的发挥。     

Under the Law: Legal Consciousness and Radical Environmental Activism

A growing body of sociolegal scholarship focuses the study of law away from formal texts and legal institutions and toward the experiences and perceptions of “everyday” citizens. This study introduces seventeen “radical” environmentalists who engage a repertoire of tactics that includes some actions that involve relatively severe forms of illegality. This research seeks to investigate the role of civil disobedience and lawbreaking within the radical environmental movement and the corresponding legal consciousness of movement actors. Utilizing ethnographic fieldwork and content analysis, this analysis suggests that Ewick and Silbey's (1998 ) three‐tiered model of legal consciousness is an operative starting point, but could be enhanced through theoretical expansion. This study proposes a new category of legal consciousness—Under the Law—that views the law as the protector and defender of a social order that is fundamentally illegitimate. Under the Law is qualitatively different from existing conceptualizations of legal consciousness and reaffirms the mutually constitutive nature of law and society.     

论增强我国公民法治意识的途径与措施

公民法治意识的培养与提高是关系到依法治国成败的关键因素。法治意识的培养与提高是一项艰苦的系统工程 ,决非一夕之功。只有从法律制度自身的完善入手 ,在政治生活和经济生活中坚持贯彻依法办事的原则 ,加强普法工作的力度 ,不断改善法治意识成长的社会环境 ,才能为健康的法治意识的培养提供条件。     

Claiming "Victim" to Harassment Law: Legal Consciousness of the Privileged

Sociologists of law have long been concerned with the effectiveness of rights; the emergence of diversity training in the 1990s spurred renewed attention to questions of how laws are enacted in daily life. Much scholarship has constructed the managerialization of civil rights law and popularization of diversity concepts as diluting efforts to redress structural discrimination. In studying diversity and antiharassment trainings in practice, I argue that these are sites where civil rights find expression of their obligations, and I find that much of the "dilution" of content stems from diversity trainers' efforts to negotiate with the resistance of trainees to their new obligations under civil rights law. The trainees evince a variable legal consciousness in relationship to this legality of rights-promotion, to which they are being exposed in these trainings; the findings suggest further research is needed into the legal consciousness of the privileged.     

从权利意识看《劳动合同法》实施之困境

我国社会普遍关注的《劳动合同法》在具体实施中却遇到了一些困境,其原因之一是我国劳动者的权利意识淡漠。权利意识是人们对利益和自由的认识、主张及要求,它会支撑和指引人们去实现对权利的不懈追求。由于特殊的历史传统,当下中国劳动者的权利意识比较淡薄,必须采取积极有效的措施提高劳动者的权利意识,保护劳动者合法权益、保证《劳动合同法》顺利实施,促进社会和谐。     

Mobilizing the Law in China: "Informed Disenchantment" and the Development of Legal Consciousness

This article critically examines the development of legal consciousness among legal aid plaintiffs in Shanghai. It is based on 16 months of research at a large legal aid center and in‐depth interviews with 50 plaintiffs. Chinese legal aid plaintiffs come to the legal process with high expectations about the possibility of protecting their rights; however, they also have only a vague and imprecise knowledge of legal procedure and their actual codified rights. Through this process of legal mobilization, plaintiffs' legal consciousness changes in two separate dimensions: changes in one's feelings of efficacy and competency vis‐à‐vis the law, and changes in one's perception/evaluation of the legal system. Put another way, the first dimension is “How well can I work the law?” and the second is “How well does the law work?” In this study I observe positive changes in feelings of individual efficacy and competency that are combined with more negative evaluations/perceptions of the legal system in terms of its fairness and effectiveness. The positive feelings of efficacy and voice provided by the legal process encourage labor dispute plaintiffs in the post‐dispute period to plan new lawsuits and to help friends and relatives with their legal problems. Disenchantment with the promises of the legal system does not lead to despondency, but to more critical, informed action. This study provides new evidence on the nature of China's developing legal system with a focus on the social response to the state‐led “rule of law” project.     

Islamic Law,Women's Rights,and Popular Legal Consciousness in Malaysia

Drawing on original survey research, this study examines how lay Muslims in Malaysia understand foundational concepts in Islamic law. The survey finds a substantial disjuncture between popular legal consciousness and core epistemological commitments in Islamic legal theory. In its classic form, Islamic legal theory was marked by its commitment to pluralism and the centrality of human agency in Islamic jurisprudence. Yet in contemporary Malaysia, lay Muslims tend to understand Islamic law as being purely divine, with a single “correct” answer to any given question. The practical implications of these findings are demonstrated through examples of efforts by women's rights activists to reform family law provisions in Malaysia. The examples illustrate how popular misconceptions of Islamic law hinder the efforts of those working to reform family law codes while strengthening the hand of conservative actors wishing to maintain the status quo.     

中国法治坐标上的公民行政法律意识——《行政诉讼法》实施状况调查报告·民众卷

通过问卷调查,了解普通民众对行政诉讼的认知状况。调查表明,普通民众对《行政诉讼法》及其程序制度比较陌生;对行政诉讼的实际作用认可程度较低,法官"偏官压民"的忧虑普遍存在,对胜诉缺乏信心;民众更倾向于首先选择行政机关及非制度化的方式维护权益。建议《行政诉讼法》的修改以强化对公民权利保护为目标;针对特定的群体开展法律宣传教育,提高行政审判中民众的参与度,加强行政诉讼法律援助制度。     

自觉:法治政府的角色意识——以言论自由中的政府为对象

短信引发的矛盾冲突实质上是言论自由与政府的冲突.基于政府是公民言论自由的当然对象,政府是公民言论自由的义务主体之一,政府自觉促使公民自觉的实现,自觉是法治政府的素质要求等等原因,"自觉"可谓是法治政府的必须,是尊重和保障公民言论自由的必要.自觉是宽容、自省、自理和积极指引.在责任感的驱使和规则的约束下,政府应自觉承认言论自由存在的意义,自觉克制敌视和恐惧心理,鼓励言论竞争取代压制言论自由,自觉地处理好政府与政府官员、官员私欲与公民权利的关系,自觉为言论自由提供保障.