韩国医疗纠纷调解立法及对我国的启示

为有效化解医疗纠纷、救济医疗损害从而为医务人员创造一个安宁的诊疗环境,韩国出台了《关于医疗事故损害救济及医疗纠纷调解等的法律》。依据该法律之规定,韩国设立了医疗纠纷调解仲裁院,在调解仲裁院下设医疗纠纷调解委员会和医疗事故鉴定团,实施新的医疗纠纷调解仲裁制度。该法律还规定了医疗损害赔偿互助制度、医疗损害无过失补偿制度及代偿制度等。     

Formal and Informal Aspects of Labor Dispute Resolution in Japan

Labor conflict resolution machineries have concentrated on collective dispute settlement in Japan. Grievance procedures stipulated in labor contracts have not been working effectively. The center of gravity of labor-management relations has shifted from collective bargaining with labor unions to individual labor contracts with individual workers both in the unorganized sector and the non-union members within the organized sector. Similarities and differences between Japan and the United States are examined. Vague demarcation between rights and interest disputes as well as between collective and individual disputes characterize the dispute settlement machineries in Japan.     

医疗纠纷赔偿233例分析

目的了解医疗纠纷赔偿的情况，探讨影响医疗纠纷赔偿额的因素及赔偿费用来源。方法采用分层整群随机抽样方法，对山东省四地市50所医院2001～2005年中处理的233例医疗纠纷赔偿情况进行调查、统计学分析。结果医疗机构级别圾发生年份与医疗纠纷赔偿额度无明显相关关系，而发生医疗纠纷的原因、医疗纠纷的损害后果、医疗纠纷的处理方式、处理时间长短、患方在医疗纠纷处理过程中有无暴力行为、医疗机构的鉴定方式等，则是影响医疗纠纷赔偿额的重要因素。结论医疗机构及医务人员承担医疗纠纷所发生的赔偿费用和医疗费免除是最主要的费用来源。     

Compensation: problems with the concept of disability and the use of American Medical Association Guides

The Western Australia Liberal Government made radical changes to the Workers Compensation and Rehabilitation Act 1981 (WA) in 1993. One of the significant changes was the greater application of the American Medical Association Guides to the assessment of permanent injury. In 1999 further amendments to the same legislation required the application of the Guides to workers who wished to proceed with common law claims for negligence against their employers. Recent cases have shown the difficult in reconciling the language of the law with commonly used medical terms. This article surveys the use of the American Medical Association Guides in compensation legislation in Australia with some specific comments on the Western Australian system. It makes some suggestions for reform of the Western Australian system.     

The fair process effect and procedural criteria in the resolution of disputes between intimate same-sex friends

This series of studies extended procedural justice research to the informal domain of dispute resolution in intimate same-sex friendship. The first study identified the types of disputes that occur between friends and the concerns that friends have when choosing dispute resolution procedures. Seven dispute types and 11 procedural criteria were found relevant to dispute resolution in friendship. Study 2 assessed the importance of procedural criteria for resolving several dispute scenarios. As expected, ratings of criterion importance were affected by subject and disputant sex. Females rated four criteria as more important than did males, and one criterion was rated as more important in disputes involving a male and a female than in disputes involving two females. The importance of procedural criteria was also influenced by the type of dispute, but this effect was qualified by an interaction with the dispute version. It was suggested that the importance of procedural criteria is generally defined by the context of friendship and specifically defined by the dispute topic. In Study 3, the relations among subject sex, traditional fairness variables, and criterion-based measures of process control were examined. Consistent with studies in other domains, process control predicted procedural justice, and decision control predicted distributive justive. Moreover, the hypothesized fair process effect emerged as a function of speed, a criterion-based measure of process control.     

Legal Representation and Dissatisfaction with Workers’ Compensation: Implications for Claimant Adjustment

This study examined relationships between attorney retention and adjustment outcomes for Workers’ Compensation low back claimants at post-settlement (N?=?1,464; 21 months post-claim settlement) and long-term follow-up (N?=?371; 72 months post-claim settlement). Claimants were classified into three groups: those who had not retained an attorney (no attorney group, 15%); those who had retained an attorney, but for reasons other than dissatisfaction with Workers’ Compensation medical treatment (attorney group, 31%); and those who had retained an attorney specifically because of dissatisfaction with Workers’ Compensation medical treatment (dissatisfied/attorney group, 54%). Groups were compared on demographic characteristics, Workers’ Compensation variables, and adjustment indicators of pain intensity, pain-related disability, general physical and mental health status, and pain catastrophizing. Relative to the no attorney and attorney groups, claimants in the dissatisfied/attorney group were younger, had longer time to settlement, and reported greater post-settlement socioeconomic stress and catastrophizing. At long-term follow-up, the dissatisfied/attorney group reported higher levels of disability and catastrophizing, as well as lower levels of mental health status, relative to the other groups. The results suggest that attorney retention that is motivated by dissatisfaction with Workers’ Compensation medical care is a significant risk factor for poor adjustment, not only in the intermediate time frame following claim settlement, but also over the long term. Findings are discussed in the context of “perceived injustice” in the Workers’ Compensation system and the mechanisms by which dissatisfaction and attorney retention may impact adjustment.     

The Aftermath of the Macondo Discovery Well Spill: The Interplay of Claims to the Gulf Coast Claims Facility and Insurance Claims

The processing of claims for compensation arising from the April 20, 2010, explosion of the Deepwater Horizon offshore oil rig and its environmental and economic aftermath has proceeded simultaneously before the Gulf Coast Claims Facility and insurers. The criteria for recovery between these two recipients of claims differ significantly. Compensation from the facility has included claims for purely economic injury, whereas compensation from insurance generally requires, inter alia, a closer geographic or causal nexus to property damage. The resolution of compensation issues both by the facility and insurers will impact whether further disputes arise in the courts. Based upon similar experiences from September 11 and Hurricane Katrina, these issues are likely to continue for several years before they are fully resolved.     

The use of technology in the transformation of business dispute resolution

The use of technology in dispute resolution mechanism can be viewed from two perspectives: first, as an aid in the conventional dispute resolution system, and second, as an online dispute resolution mechanism via the Internet. Online dispute resolution (ODR) is transforming the way disputes are being resolved, in particular, in business to consumer (B2C) transactions. ODR offers a more successful means of resolving e-commerce disputes. In fact, there is a new move by the Malaysian judiciary to transform its court system. Previously, the judiciary has been very conventional in its administration of justice, and the system is said to be slow and outdated. The court system in Malaysia has been frequently criticised because of its dilatoriness in resolving disputes, resulting in a large backlog of cases. To overcome these problems, the judiciary has introduced a new system called the e-court. New methods including as e-filing, electronic case management, queue management, and court recording and transcribing form the complete e-court mechanism.     

德国、法国医疗纠纷诉讼外解决机制及启示

德国和法国通过建立和完善医疗纠纷诉讼外解决机制,不但提高了纠纷解决的效率,减少了当事人纠纷解决成本,还有效地维护及修复了医患之间的信赖关系。目前,出于医疗纠纷的特殊性,包括我国在内的很多国家正在探讨如何构建和完善医疗纠纷诉讼外解决制度,德国和法国的经验给我国带来了有益的启示。     

Transforming Land‐Taking Disputes in Socialist Asia: Engaging an Authoritarian State

Few studies have responded to the calls by sociolegal scholars to explore how disputes evolve. This article takes up the challenge by examining how intermediaries in socialist Asia resolve land‐taking disputes that are intractable for administrative appeals and courts. Exploring alternatives to state‐based dispute resolution is a pressing issue for conflicts that pit citizens against authoritarian regimes. Using in‐depth interviews, this article investigates how intermediaries such as retired state officials navigate in and around authoritarian regimes, flattening power asymmetries between citizens and land officials. This analysis draws from, links, and advances three literatures that examine dispute resolution in different ways: the sociolegal “naming, blaming, and claiming” literature examines the trajectory of disputes, regulatory studies use legitimacy expectations to analyze how disputants evaluate and prioritize competing regulatory frameworks, and the collective identity literature analyzes how communities respond to disputes. This article contributes to the literature by developing a theoretical framework that explains how intermediaries circumvent conceptual differences and transform disputes. The findings compel researchers to consider the use of intermediaries as an alternative to state‐sponsored dispute resolution in authoritarian settings.     

Using decision science to gain insight into ethical issues: an example involving thresholds in workers' compensation.

Systematically analyzing and comparing the ethical dimensions of policy-decision alternatives is remarkably difficult. The ethical implications of a set of decision alternatives, as well as the ranking of that set, are subject to any number of quantitative and qualitative variables, not the least of which is differing individual interpretation. In spite of this, decision science offers a consistent, transparent framework from which to analyze the ethical components and implications of policy decisions. Workers' Compensation insurance programs are state-governed systems of insurance in which workers, in exchange for giving up the right to sue their employer and their coemployees, receive some compensation if they are injured on the job, without regard as to who was at fault. Importantly, Workers' Compensation does not compensate workers for all losses. Thus, injured workers often sue those who provide goods and services to their employer's production system. Different states set different thresholds relating to who can be brought into such a lawsuit and under what conditions a sued means-of-production entity can, in turn, bring the injured party's employer into the suit as a third-party defendant. Forensic engineers are often involved in such lawsuits to evaluate whether or not a given component of a production system is or is not defective. Using Workers' Compensation as an example, this paper explores the methodology and the difficulty of quantifying the ethical implications of policy decisions by examining the concept of thresholding a policy variable. Thresholding will be defined and the ethical effect on the various parties of varying a policy threshold will be discussed.     

完善仲裁司法监督制度的现实价值评析——以构建多元化纠纷解决机制为视角

多元化纠纷解决机制强调各种纠纷解决方式相互促进,协调发展,而仲裁作为ADR中制度化最强的方式,它与诉讼的关系成为多元化纠纷解决机制中的一大亮点。因此,理顺仲裁与司法的关系,完善仲裁司法监督制度,对构建多元化纠纷解决机制的意义重大。     

Perceived Justice of Compensation Process for Return-to-Work: Development and Validation of a Scale

The experience of injured workers is influenced by multiple systems—the workplace, the healthcare system, and the workers’ compensation system. Little research has been conducted on the impact of the workers’ compensation system on injured workers’ personal experience and on the justice of the workers’ compensation process. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a measure of the justice of the compensation process. Injured workers (n?=?446) with musculoskeletal injuries, in Ontario, Canada, filing a lost-time claim, completed a telephone survey 6 months post-injury. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted with two separate samples, and concurrent validity was examined. The four hypothesized factors emerged: distributive justice, procedural justice, informational justice, and interpersonal justice factors accounted for 96.3% of the variance. Confirmatory factor analyses had satisfactory fit indices to confirm the initial model. Alpha coefficients ranged from 0.86 to 0.92. Concurrent validity of the scale was supported: relationships of distributive and procedural justice with claim status, claim processing delay, perception of going back to work too soon, duration of work accommodation, and satisfaction with work accommodation were in the expected direction. Workers’ experience of the justice of the compensation process can now be measured with a psychometrically sound and theoretically based instrument. This instrument offers researchers the opportunity to focus on the justice of the compensation process of injured workers. It can increase the attention that policy-makers, compensation management, healthcare providers, and other return-to-work stakeholders give to the impact of the compensation system and provide a broadened view of workers’ experience.     

多元化纠纷化解机制研究——基于过程与阶段视角的分析

走出"诉讼中心主义模式"的观念束缚,须认清社会转型、矛盾多发的现实景况下法律的稳定性尚不能为司法、行政及守法提供足够的可预测性,一味强调司法化解纠纷的主导作用并不能有效化解纠纷,反而极易输出劣质正义。当下开展法官"大调解"运动为时宜之举但非长久之计。于此过程与阶段国情之下,大力探索并扶持非诉讼纠纷化解机制是构建多元化纠纷化解机制的必要之举。     

税务争议替代性解决机制探析

随着纳税人权利意识的增强,税务争议呈多发趋势。而解决各种税务争议多着眼于传统的途径即税务行政复议和税务行政诉讼,使得在税务争议解决实务中已存在的调解、和解、仲裁等替代性税务争议解决方式没有可靠的理论支撑和法律依据。因此,对税务争议替代性解决机制进行研究,以有效解决各种税务争议,成为税法理论界及实务界十分关注的课题。笔者从税法适用的角度,对引入税务争议ADR的法理合法性与现实合理性进行分析,并尝试研究国外税务争议ADR的成因、背景和运作状况,以借鉴其规则或惯例,为我国引进并完善税务争议ADR提出构想。     

试论多元化纠纷解决机制的法理特征与困境

多元化纠纷解决机制是现实社会中解决矛盾与纠纷的重要手段,承载着解决民事纠纷的重要功能。其表现在法理上的特征值得仔细研究,对其司法调解中的限度问题值得关注,尤其是当前法治中的现实困境对纠纷解决机制也产生了不可忽视的影响。     

纠纷解决观在刑事司法中的引入

解决纠纷是司法制度的原初和首要功能。纠纷解决观是一种以承认纠纷的客观存在和不可回避为前提,将解决纠纷视为重要任务以防范纠纷可能带来的各种负面影响的观念。纠纷解决观尚未在我国刑事司法制度中确立,其在刑事司法中的引入具有多方面的必要性和可能性。纠纷解决观的引入与刑事诉讼控制犯罪与保障人权相统一的目的并不矛盾。我国刑事司法制度应在纠纷解决观的指导下进行相应的完善。     

法社会学视野下的行政纠纷解决机制

在法社会学“纠纷三阶段”理论的框架中,社会整体层次的行政纠纷解决机制包括“忍受”、“回避”、“压服”、“调解型第三者纠纷解决机制”和“审判型第三者纠纷解决机制”等类型。其中,“调解型第三者纠纷解决机制”和“审判型第三者纠纷解决机制”对于缓解因行政纠纷导致的社会压力,维护既有行政法律秩序的正统性具有重要意义。作为我国的“审判型第三者纠纷解决机制”的行政诉讼制度由于存在着吸收纠纷的范围有限、第三者中立性缺失等问题,发挥的作用十分有限,因此,有必要建立多元的行政纠纷解决机制,在我国行政领域引入ADR。     

论WTO框架下ADR争端解决机制的完善

ADR是诉讼和仲裁的辅助手段,它对一些不易及时解决以致不能达成共识的争议能迅捷经济地加以解决,这也是社会进步和法制健全的表现。随着经济社会的快速发展,民商事争议呈复杂多样化发展,诉讼不应是解决争议的唯一渠道,而应是实现公正审理的最终途径。ADR争端解决机制给我们的启示良多,特别是在我国不断建立健全市场经济体系的条件下,要求我们构建涵盖多种选择的争端解决方式,从而有利于解决经济社会纷繁复杂的民商事争议。     

审判中心视角下的行政诉讼制度构造

"以审判为中心"的政法政策同样适用于行政诉讼制度改革,它要求法院发挥自身司法能力和司法制度能力,有效地介入涉法行政争议之中,并藉此保护法益。在行政诉讼中,司法权与行政权之间是法律监督上的国家权力结构关系。法院优位于行政机关,法院作为独立裁判者指挥诉讼管理关系和裁判过程。以审判为中心的行政诉讼制度构造,应最大限度地发挥法院司法能力在解决行政争议上的优位角色,应完整地发挥行政诉讼法的制度能力,即发挥立法、司法解释、司法组织及指导性案例的制度功能。行政诉讼司法准入、行政机关负责人出庭应诉、诉讼管辖、庭审制度等,是否体现了"以审判为中心"的制度改革方向,主要看其是否有利于行政争议的实质解决和法益有效保护。"多元化纠纷解决机制"政策和行政行为合法性审查为中心的行政诉讼制度,影响了法院的诉讼角色和功能。回归司法权和诉讼制度本质,宜在行政争议、行政行为和法益之间构造出一致性的诉讼结构关系;宜从组织和体制改革转向程序改革,发挥行政程序和司法程序在塑造司法公正和司法效率上的作用。